Rickwood A M, Hemalatha V, Batcup G, Spitz L
Br J Urol. 1980 Apr;52(2):147-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.1980.tb02945.x.
Phimosis, defined as scarring of the tip of the prepuce, was studied prospectively in a series of 23 boys aged 4 to 11 years. There was little to support the contention that the condition is caused by trauma, or by ammoniacal or bacterial inflammation of the prepuce, nor could any other aetiological factor be identified. Histological examination of the foreskin showed the appearances of Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans in 20 of 21 specimens submitted for study.
包茎被定义为包皮顶端的瘢痕形成，我们对一系列年龄在4至11岁的23名男孩进行了前瞻性研究。几乎没有证据支持该病是由创伤、包皮的氨性或细菌性炎症引起的这一观点，也未能确定任何其他病因。在提交研究的21个标本中，有20个包皮的组织学检查显示为闭塞性干燥性龟头炎。
