Wiepkema P R
Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 1981 Aug 15;106(16):810-25.
The question how problems of behaviour and well-being of (farm) animals can be studied by ethological methods is central in the present paper. An ethologist uses basic concepts such as behaviour element, behaviour system and 'Umwelt' of an animal; these concepts are described. The normal course of all sorts of processes of behaviour can be readily accounted for by regulating systems. These regulating systems are directed towards homeostasis of several environmental aspects of the organism. Regulation of these aspects is based on criteria which may be regarded as genetic and ontogenetic memory images or those resulting from experience. Well-being may be defined as conformity of environmental characteristics and accompanying criteria. However, not all criteria are of equal biological importance. This model concept renders it plausible that animals also have some awareness of their environment and must experience sensations while functioning. The present paper concludes with a discussion of these points.
如何通过行为学方法研究（农场）动物的行为和福祉问题是本文的核心。行为学家使用诸如行为要素、行为系统和动物的“ Umwelt”等基本概念；对这些概念进行了描述。各种行为过程的正常进程可以通过调节系统很容易地得到解释。这些调节系统旨在实现生物体几个环境方面的稳态。对这些方面的调节基于可被视为遗传和个体发育记忆图像或由经验产生的标准。福祉可以定义为环境特征与相应标准的一致性。然而，并非所有标准都具有同等的生物学重要性。这个模型概念使得动物也对其环境有一定意识并且在运作时必然会有感觉这一点变得合理。本文最后对这些要点进行了讨论。
