Graf B
Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zürich.
Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 1995;137(9):423-31.
The current discussion on "semi-natural" or "extensive" animal production and husbandry shows that such terms are vague and are often used for various meanings. This paper addresses what can be referred to as natural environmental conditions from an ethological point of view, as well as the animal's environment in today's animal production, and how "near to nature" animal husbandry can realistically be. Apart from some outdoor systems with few ethological problems, the predominant part of milk and meat production in the future will still largely take place indoors. Thus, the development of housing conditions which are more appropriate to the animal's needs will still be an important issue of farm animal behaviour science. Consequently the essential environmental requirements of cattle and pigs derived from their species-specific behaviour are described and explained. In the future, an improved fulfillment of ethological requirements will lead to increased group housing in cold and open, structured barns with indoor straw-bedded lying compartments and integrated outdoor feeding and activity areas. This process will also be influenced by ecological, economic and technical aspects. Finally, several studies on cattle and pigs are presented which demonstrate the possible benefits from more appropriate housing systems or the fulfillment of single ethological requirements regarding behaviour, health, fertility and production of the animals.
当前关于“半自然”或“粗放型”动物生产与养殖的讨论表明，这些术语含义模糊，且常常被用于多种不同的意思。本文从行为学角度探讨了可被称为自然环境条件的内容，以及当今动物生产中动物的环境，还有“接近自然”的养殖方式在实际中能达到何种程度。除了一些行为学问题较少的户外养殖系统外，未来牛奶和肉类生产的主要部分仍将在室内进行。因此，开发更符合动物需求的饲养条件仍将是农场动物行为科学的一个重要问题。相应地，本文描述并解释了源自牛和猪特定物种行为的基本环境需求。未来，行为学需求的更好满足将促使牛和猪更多地成群饲养在寒冷、开阔、有结构的畜舍中，这些畜舍有室内铺有稻草的躺卧隔间以及整合的户外喂食和活动区域。这一过程也将受到生态、经济和技术方面的影响。最后，本文介绍了一些关于牛和猪的研究，这些研究展示了更合适的饲养系统或满足动物行为、健康、繁殖力和生产方面的单一行为学需求可能带来的益处。
