Effects of rank and novel females on behaviour and hormones in male talapoin monkeys.

Two social groups of captive talapoin monkeys (Miopithecus talapoin), each with three intact adult males and three or four ovariectomized, estrogen-treated adult females, were observed. Socio-sexual and aggressive interactions were recorded, and levels of testosterone, cortisol, and prolactin were measured in male serum. Cortisol and prolactin titers did not reflect male rank, nor did changes in one of these hormones parallel changes in the other. In both groups males formed a linear dominance hierarchy, defined in terms of the direction of aggression among animals. Highest male rank was associated with frequent socio-sexual interaction and elevated testosterone levels, even in the absence of ejaculations. Males in one group copulated with females, but no male in the other group copulated. All males of each group were then housed with all females of the other group which resulted in marked changes in males' behaviour; socio-sexual interactions increased in C group males and decreased in B group males. This illustrates the influence that females may have on male behaviour in general, and in particular outlines the potential for female dominance and the consequences this may have especially on reproductive behaviour.