Van Vleet J F, Schollmeyer M P, Engle W R, Tacker W A, Bourland J D
J Electrocardiol. 1981;14(1):67-72. doi: 10.1016/s0022-0736(81)80031-3.
Six dogs (three large, three small) had defibrillator electrode catheters implanted transvenously via the right jugular vein for 17 weeks. The dogs remained healthy throughout the study. At necropsy, the lead-induced cardiovascular alterations were characterized by (1) formation of a thin white fibrous sheath over portions of the lead along its course in the veins, right atrium and right ventricle; (2) adhesion of parts of the sheathed segments of the lead to the adjacent venous intima or endocardium of the right atrium, tricuspid valve and right ventricle; (3) endocardial fibrosis with foci of cartilaginous metaplasia in areas traumatized by the lead; (4) thrombus formation at ends of sheathed segments of the lead but lack of pulmonary embolism; and (5) partial penetration of the myocardium at the apex of the right ventricle by the end of the lead in two of the small dogs. The lead-induced lesions were similar in type and severity to those produced by chronically-implanted pacemaker leads.
六只狗（三只大型犬，三只小型犬）通过右颈静脉经静脉植入除颤器电极导管，持续17周。在整个研究过程中，这些狗保持健康。尸检时，铅诱导的心血管改变的特征为：（1）沿静脉、右心房和右心室中的导管行程，在导管部分形成薄的白色纤维鞘；（2）导管带鞘段的部分与右心房、三尖瓣和右心室的相邻静脉内膜或心内膜粘连；（3）在导管创伤区域出现软骨化生灶的心内膜纤维化；（4）在导管带鞘段末端形成血栓，但无肺栓塞；（5）两只小型犬中，导管末端在右心室心尖处部分穿透心肌。铅诱导的病变在类型和严重程度上与长期植入的起搏器导管所产生的病变相似。
