Aziz M A
Am J Phys Anthropol. 1981 Mar;54(3):347-53. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330540308.
Comprehensive dissections of aneuploid (trisomy 18 and 13) neonates have revealed numerous supernumerary muscles that, although present in rare individuals, do not regularly occur in the human. These supernumerary muscles include: "platysma occipitalis," "rhomboideus occipitalis, "deltopectoral" complex, "latissimocondyloideus," "pectorodorsalis," "chondrohumeralis," and "peroneus digiti quinti"; a few muscles, e.g., palmaris longus and brevis are lacking altogether. One specimen exhibited a "linguofacial trunk" arising from the external carotid artery. The supernumerary muscles found in these aneuploid specimens are regularly found in monkeys and sometimes in the great apes. It is suggested that these supernumerary muscles may be "atavistic" structures. Problems in establishing homologies between these muscles among primates are discussed, and mechanisms leading to the development of these muscles in human aneuploids are proposed.
对非整倍体（18三体和13三体）新生儿进行的全面解剖显示，存在许多多余的肌肉，这些肌肉虽然在极少数个体中出现，但在人类中并非普遍存在。这些多余的肌肉包括：“枕部颈阔肌”、“枕部菱形肌”、“三角胸肌”复合体、“髁突背阔肌”、“胸背肌”、“软骨肱骨肌”和“第五趾腓骨肌”；一些肌肉，如掌长肌和掌短肌则完全缺失。一个标本显示有一条从颈外动脉发出的“舌面干”。在这些非整倍体标本中发现的多余肌肉在猴子中经常出现，在大猩猩中有时也会出现。有人认为这些多余的肌肉可能是“返祖”结构。本文讨论了在灵长类动物中确定这些肌肉之间同源性的问题，并提出了导致人类非整倍体中这些肌肉发育的机制。
