Joseph C A, Cowam D G
J Gen Psychol. 1981 Apr;104(2d Half):275-81. doi: 10.1080/00221309.1981.9921045.
Two experiments using male and female college students studied the effects on free recall of transforming auditory and verbal stimuli into various forms. Experiment 1 (n = 240) presented nouns either auditorily by a tape recorder or visually as printed words. The Ss either imagined, traced, or drew (used a pencil) the nouns in the forms of pictures and words, pictures only, or words only. Significantly more items were recalled as a result of Ss responding with both words and pictures, and pictures only, as opposed to words alone and a control groups (p less than .01). In Experiment 2 (n = 108), the nouns were presented auditorily by a tape recorder. The nouns were imagined in the form of either pictures or words, in either the size of one-half of normal, normal, or two times normal, and in either a stationary or moving position. Significantly more items were recalled as a result of imagining in the form of a picture during the presentation of the stimuli, and significantly more were also recalled as a result of imagining in the normal size as opposed to larger or smaller sizes (p less than .05). The results replicated previous findings and also contribute to the body of knowledge concerning effects of transformations on free recall.
两项以男女大学生为对象的实验研究了将听觉和言语刺激转化为各种形式对自由回忆的影响。实验1（n = 240）通过录音机以听觉方式呈现名词，或以印刷文字的形式视觉呈现名词。被试者以图片和文字、仅图片或仅文字的形式想象、描摹或绘制（用铅笔）这些名词。与仅用文字及一个对照组相比，被试者用文字和图片以及仅用图片做出反应时，回忆起的项目显著更多（p小于0.01）。在实验2（n = 108）中，名词通过录音机以听觉方式呈现。名词以图片或文字的形式被想象，大小为正常大小的一半、正常大小或正常大小的两倍，且处于静止或移动状态。在呈现刺激时以图片形式想象能显著回忆起更多项目，且与更大或更小尺寸相比，以正常大小想象也能显著回忆起更多项目（p小于0.05）。这些结果重复了之前的发现，也为有关转化对自由回忆影响的知识体系做出了贡献。
