Burns R A
Biofeedback Self Regul. 1981 Mar;6(1):35-43. doi: 10.1007/BF00998791.
Two groups of human volunteers received three sessions of discriminated avoidance and punishment with the skin resistance response (SRR) as the operant. During each session one group (feedback) received three 6-8-min periods of Sidman avoidance of a 1.5-mA shock (R-S = 40 sec, S-S = 35 sec) mixed with three periods of punishment with a 20-sec time-out after each period. The avoidance and punishment periods were signaled by red and green lights, and a circle appeared superimposed on the discriminative stimuli for the duration of a criterion response. A second group (no feedback) received the same conditions as the feedback group except that no circle appeared. Instructions to the subject were not informative regarding experimental events. Subjects made significantly more SRR's during avoidance, a contingency in which responding prevented shock, than during punishment, a contingency in which responding produced shock. A reliable four-way interaction suggested that the feedback stimulus curtailed a tendency for avoidance response rate to diminish within and between experimental sessions. The data are considered as evidence for electrodermal (autonomic) control of two different stressful situations, and the potential value of the paradigm for establishing tonic autonomic arousal and suppression is considered.
两组人类志愿者以皮肤电阻反应（SRR）作为操作行为，接受了三轮辨别性回避和惩罚实验。在每一轮实验中，一组（反馈组）接受三轮6 - 8分钟的西德曼回避实验，即避免1.5毫安的电击（反应 - 电击间隔 = 40秒，电击 - 电击间隔 = 35秒），并穿插三轮惩罚实验，每轮惩罚实验后有20秒的暂停。回避和惩罚阶段分别由红灯和绿灯指示，并且在标准反应持续期间，一个圆圈会叠加在辨别性刺激上。另一组（无反馈组）接受与反馈组相同的条件，只是没有圆圈出现。给受试者的指示未提供关于实验事件的信息。与惩罚阶段（此时反应会导致电击）相比，在回避阶段（此时反应可防止电击）受试者做出的SRR显著更多。一个可靠的四因素交互作用表明，反馈刺激减少了实验轮次内和轮次间回避反应率下降的趋势。这些数据被视为皮肤电（自主神经）对两种不同应激情况进行控制的证据，同时也考虑了该范式在建立持续性自主神经唤醒和抑制方面的潜在价值。
