Sevel D
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1981 Sep-Oct;18(5):13-9. doi: 10.3928/0191-3913-19810901-06.
The development of the nasolacrimal apparatus was reassessed based on the examination of serial sections done in 27 (54 orbits) embryos and fetuses ranging in size from 13.6 mm to term. In addition two adult specimens were examined. The entire nasolacrimal apparatus viz. canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct develop contemporaneously. Canalization thereafter occurs throughout its length at the same time. The epithelium which lines the nasolacrimal apparatus abuts against the conjunctival epithelium superiorly in relationship to the puncta and the nasal mucosa at the opening of the nasolacrimal duct. These gossamer-like membranes perforate at term or soon thereafter. With the development of the face, the maxillary process grows medially to abut against, and then to override, the paraxial mesoderm of the nasolacrimal process. The nasooptic fissure is thus formed between these two mesodermal complexes. The surface ectoderm within the fissure thickens in a cord-like fashion and this is the analaga of the nasolacrimal apparatus. There is divergence of opinion as to the subsequent development of tear drainage system. A cord of epithelial cells forms from the nasal cavity and grows cephalad to become continuous with the main cord of buried surface ectoderm (Figure 1). It has been contended by Duke-Elder that the main epithelial cord then sends extensions laterally to form the superior and the inferior canaliculi. The inferior canaliculus extends more laterally than the superior canaliculus. At 3 months' development, canalization of the nasolacrimal apparatus is purported to occur in a segmental manner. These cavities then coalesce in a haphazard manner, finally forming a continuous tube. It is also suggested that the main core of buried epithelium canalizes from cephal caudalwards and that the epithelium arising from the nasal cavity canalizes in a reverse direction. The lacrimal sac then expands: the canaliculi canalize and the final section of the nasolacrimal duct to become patent is the opening into the inferior meatus of the nose below the inferior meatus of the nose below the inferior turbinate.U
基于对27个（54个眼眶）大小从13.6毫米至足月的胚胎和胎儿的连续切片检查，对鼻泪器的发育进行了重新评估。此外，还检查了两个成人标本。整个鼻泪器，即泪小管、泪囊和鼻泪管是同时发育的。此后，其全长同时发生管道化。衬于鼻泪器的上皮在泪点上方与结膜上皮邻接，并在鼻泪管开口处与鼻黏膜邻接。这些薄纱样膜在足月时或此后不久穿孔。随着面部的发育，上颌突向内侧生长，与鼻泪突的轴旁中胚层邻接，然后覆盖该中胚层。于是在这两个中胚层复合体之间形成鼻眼裂。裂内的表面外胚层呈索状增厚，这是鼻泪器的原基。关于泪液引流系统的后续发育存在不同观点。一条上皮细胞索从鼻腔形成并向头侧生长，与埋入的表面外胚层主索相连（图1）。杜克 - 埃尔德认为，主上皮索随后向外侧发出分支形成上泪小管和下泪小管。下泪小管比上泪小管向外侧延伸得更多。在3个月大时，鼻泪器的管道化据说是以节段性方式发生的。这些腔随后以杂乱的方式融合，最终形成一个连续的管道。也有人提出，埋入上皮的主要核心从头部向尾部管道化，而来自鼻腔的上皮则以相反方向管道化。然后泪囊扩张：泪小管管道化，鼻泪管通向鼻下鼻道下方的最终部分开放。
