Gadow S
J Fam Pract. 1981 Nov;13(6):857-60.
Two approaches are described for addressing ethical problems of truth telling. In neither approach is truth telling an ethical absolute, but rather a means of attaining the goal that is assumed for medicine. The first approach, based upon the aim of benefiting the patient, is the view that information is to be disclosed or withheld according to the anticipated effect upon the patient's well-being. The second approach, based upon the aim of facilitating patient autonomy in health matters, is the view that informed decision making requires access to all information the patient considers relevant. While the choice between the two views belongs to the individual practitioner, the author proposes that the autonomy position affords the greatest benefit to both patient and physician.
文中描述了两种处理讲真话伦理问题的方法。在这两种方法中，讲真话都不是一种伦理上的绝对准则，而是实现医学既定目标的一种手段。第一种方法基于使患者受益的目的，认为应根据对患者福祉的预期影响来披露或隐瞒信息。第二种方法基于促进患者在健康问题上的自主权这一目的，认为知情决策需要获取患者认为相关的所有信息。虽然这两种观点之间的选择属于个体从业者，但作者提出自主权立场对患者和医生都能带来最大益处。
