Ionic control of immobilized enzymes. Kinetics of acid phosphatase bound to plant cell walls.

When an enzyme is bound to an insoluble polyelectrolyte it may acquire novel kinetic properties generated by Donnan effects. It the enzyme is homogeneously distributed within the matrix, a variation of the electrostatic partition coefficient, when substrate concentration is varied, mimics either positive or negative co-operativity. This type of non-hyperbolic behaviour may be distinguished from true co-operativity by an analysis of the Hill plots. If the enzyme is heterogeneously distributed within the polyelectrolyte matrix, an apparent negative co-operativity occurs, even if the electrostatic partition coefficient does not vary when substrate concentration is varied in the bulk phase. If the partition coefficient varies, mixed positive and negative co-operativities may occur. All these effects must be suppressed by raising the ionic strength in the bulk phase. Attraction of cations by fixed negative charges of the polyanionic matrix may be associated with a significant decrease of the local pH. The magnitude of this effect is controlled by the pK of the fixed charges groups of the Donnan phase. The local pH cannot be much lower than the value of this pK. This effect may be considered as a regulatory device of the local pH. Acid phosphatase of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) cell walls is a monomeric enzyme that displays classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics in free solution. However, when bound to small cell-wall fragments or to intact cells, it has an apparent negative co-operativity at low ionic strength. Moreover a slight increase of ionic strength apparently activates the bound enzymes and tends to suppress the apparent co-operativity. At I0.1, or higher, the bound enzyme has a kinetic behavior indistinguishable from that of the purified enzyme in free solution. These results are interpreted in the light of the Donnan theory. Owing to the repulsion of the substrate by the negative charges of cell-wall polygalacturonates, the local substrate concentration in the vicinity of the bound enzyme is smaller than the corresponding concentration in bulk solution. The kinetic results obtained are consistent with the view that there exist at least three populations of bound enzyme with different ionic environments: a first population with enzyme molecules not submitted to electrostatic effects, and two other populations with molecules differently submitted to these effects. The theory allows one to estimate the proportions of enzyme belonging to these populations, as well as the local pH values and the partition coefficients within the cell walls.