Guggino W B
Am J Physiol. 1980 Jan;238(1):R42-9. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.1980.238.1.R42.
22Na+ and 36Cl- tracer flux experiments of embryos of Fundulus heteroclitus show that a significant influx and efflux of Na+ and Cl- occur during development. The average influx for Na+ and Cl-, respectively, are 5.0 +/- 0.76 and 1.1 +/- 0.1 nmol . mg-1 . h-1. The average effluxes are 4.9 +/- 0.95 and 3.0 +/- 0.01 nmol . mg-1 . h-1 for Na+ and Cl-, respectively. The electrical potential across the embryonic cavity epithelium of F. heteroclitus and F. bermudae is 50 +/- 1.7 mV and 40 +/- 1.3 mV, respectively (inside positive). Diluting the artificial seawater bathing medium with distilled water decreases the potential across the embryonic cavity of F. bermudae to -11 +/- 5.0 mV at 5% artificial seawater. Because in seawater the potential across the embryonic cavity epithelium is inside positive, the efflux of Cl- is against its electrical potential gradient indicating an active extrusion mechanism for Cl-. The site of the active extrusion mechanism for chloride is located in the yolk sac where chloride cells associated with blood vessels are common.
对青鳉胚胎进行的(^{22}Na^+)和(^{36}Cl^-)示踪剂通量实验表明，在发育过程中，(Na^+)和(Cl^-)会发生显著的流入和流出。(Na^+)和(Cl^-)的平均流入量分别为(5.0\pm0.76)和(1.1\pm0.1)纳摩尔·毫克(^{-1})·小时(^{-1})。(Na^+)和(Cl^-)的平均流出量分别为(4.9\pm0.95)和(3.0\pm0.01)纳摩尔·毫克(^{-1})·小时(^{-1})。青鳉和百慕大青鳉胚胎腔上皮的跨膜电位分别为(50\pm1.7)毫伏和(40\pm1.3)毫伏（内侧为正）。用蒸馏水稀释人工海水浴液会使百慕大青鳉胚胎腔的电位在人工海水浓度为(5%)时降至(-11\pm5.0)毫伏。因为在海水中胚胎腔上皮的电位内侧为正，所以(Cl^-)的流出是逆着其电位梯度的，这表明存在一种(Cl^-)的主动转运机制。氯化物主动转运机制的位点位于卵黄囊中，在那里与血管相关的氯化物细胞很常见。
