Tissue pH electrodes for clinical applications.

The reduction of peripheral blood flow, which occurs during shock or in patients with occlusive arterial disease of the lower limb is accompanied by an increase in hydrogen ion activity in tissue cells. If this change could be measured, it could possibly be used as an indicator of tissue perfusion in such patients. Investigations have been carried out into various pH microelectrode designs in order to construct one which could be used clinically to measure extracellular pH changes in skin. Experiments with antimony and externally insulated glass micro-electrodes demonstrated that these were unsatisfactory for the purpose. The successful design was insulated internally by means of a glass to glass fuse. It was robust, stable, sensitive and had a fast response time. Use of the electrode in normal volunteers produced reproducible skin pH values and demonstrated the feasibility of the system. Preliminary results using the micro-electrodes in patients indicate their possible application to the assessment of peripheral vascular disease, and to the monitoring of patients under intensive care.