Davies P, Price H
Clin Radiol. 1980 Mar;31(2):205-13. doi: 10.1016/s0009-9260(80)80163-2.
The signs of acute obstruction of the kidney and of chronic obstruction are well recognised and the combination of these signs enables a group of patients with acute-on-chronic obstruction to be recognised. The signs of acute obstruction are entirely nephrographic. They are manifested by an increasingly dense nephrogram, which may become striated, followed by an anatomically normal pyelogram. The signs of chronic obstruction are both pyelographic and nephrographic. The pyelographic signs are a dilated pelvicalyceal system. The nephrographic signs are a normal or low density nephrogram. Crescents may appear; these are due to opacification of the distorted medulla which retains its ability to concentrate the urine. In acute-on-chronic obstruction the signs of both conditions are present. Thus there is an increasingly dense nephrogram with a negative pyelogram. Crescents may appear. There is a slow flow in the dilated pelvicalyceal system.
肾脏急性梗阻和慢性梗阻的体征已得到充分认识，这些体征的组合使得一组急性加慢性梗阻的患者得以被识别。急性梗阻的体征完全在肾造影图上体现。其表现为肾造影逐渐浓密，可能呈条纹状，随后肾盂造影显示解剖结构正常。慢性梗阻的体征既有肾盂造影方面的，也有肾造影方面的。肾盂造影体征是肾盂肾盏系统扩张。肾造影体征是肾造影图密度正常或降低。可能出现新月形；这是由于变形的髓质显影，而髓质仍保留浓缩尿液的能力。在急性加慢性梗阻中，两种情况的体征都存在。因此，肾造影图逐渐浓密而肾盂造影呈阴性。可能出现新月形。扩张的肾盂肾盏系统内有缓慢的血流。
