Haertzen C A, Ross F E
Drug Alcohol Depend. 1980 Jun;5(6):439-55. doi: 10.1016/0376-8716(80)90144-1.
The drug habits for 78 confirmed opiate addicts were studied on eight scales from the Process Association Test of Addiction (PATA) for many drug names. Through cluster analysis eight stages of addiction were defined: "to be clean", "to learn about drugs", "to hustle", "to chip" (also "to be high"), to be psychologically dependent or "to need a shot", "to be hooked" "to kick a habit" and "to be in treatment". Associations stimulated by the words heroin and morphine were very similar over the eight stages of addiction in opiate addicts. The subjects were especially inclined to associate morphine and heroin with the most severe level of addiction, "to be hooked". Associations to both methadone and cocaine were elevated at the "hooked" stage, but in other respects associations to these drugs were opposite. Thus, associations to cocaine were focused on the stage of psychological dependence and the lower intermediate stage of addiction, "to chip" and "to be high", whereas associations to methadone suggested a turning away from addiction as indicated by avoidance associations ("to come down" and "to kick a habit") as well as associations to "treatment" and "to be clean". Marijuana, Benzedrine, "goofball" (barbiturates) and alcohol habits were prominent at an intermediate stage of addiction ("to chip" and "to be high"). Avoidance associations were common for Benzedrine and "goofballs" (also pentobarbital) but not for marijuana or alcohol. "Hustling" associations were frequent for marijuana but not for alcohol.
对78名确诊的阿片类成瘾者的药物习惯,依据成瘾过程关联测试(PATA)的八个量表,针对多种药物名称进行了研究。通过聚类分析,定义了成瘾的八个阶段:“戒毒”“了解毒品”“获取毒品”“偶尔吸毒”(也称为“飘飘欲仙”)、产生心理依赖或“需要注射”、“成瘾”“戒毒”以及“接受治疗”。在阿片类成瘾者成瘾的八个阶段中,海洛因和吗啡这两个词引发的联想非常相似。受试者尤其倾向于将吗啡和海洛因与最严重的成瘾阶段“成瘾”联系起来。在“成瘾”阶段,对美沙酮和可卡因的联想都有所增加,但在其他方面,对这些药物的联想却相反。因此,对可卡因的联想集中在心理依赖阶段以及成瘾的较低中间阶段“偶尔吸毒”和“飘飘欲仙”,而对美沙酮的联想则表明从成瘾状态转变,这体现在回避性联想(“戒毒”和“戒毒”)以及与“接受治疗”和“戒毒”的联想上。大麻、苯丙胺、“镇静剂”(巴比妥类药物)和酒精习惯在成瘾的中间阶段(“偶尔吸毒”和“飘飘欲仙”)较为突出。对苯丙胺和“镇静剂”(也包括戊巴比妥)的回避性联想很常见,但对大麻或酒精则不然。对大麻的“获取毒品”联想很频繁,但对酒精则不然。