Slimak K M
Environ Health Perspect. 1978 Dec;27:309-16. doi: 10.1289/ehp.7827309.
The current status of landfill disposal of hazardous wastes in the United States is indicated by presenting descriptions of six operating landfills. These landfills illustrate the variety of techniques that exist in landfill disposal of hazardous wastes. Although some landfills more effectively isolate hazardous waste than others, all landfills must deal with the following problems. Leachate from hazardous waste landfills is generally highly polluted. Most landfills attempt to contain leachate at the site and prevent its discharge to surface or groundwaters. To retain leachate within a disposal area, subsurface barriers of materials such as concrete, asphalt, butyl rubber, vinyl, and clay are used. It is difficult to assure that these materials can seal a landfill indefinitely. When a subsurface barrier fails, the leachate enters the groundwater in a concentrated, narrow band which may bypass monitoring wells. Once a subsurface barrier has failed, repairs are time-consuming and costly, since the waste above the repair site may have to be removed. The central problem in landfill disposal is leachate control. Recent emphasis has been on developing subsurface barriers to contain the wastes and any leachate. Future emphasis should also be on techniques for removing water from hazardous wastes before they are placed in landfills, and on methods for preventing contact of the wastes with water during and after disposal operations. When leachate is eliminated, the problems of monitoring, and subsurface barrier failure and repair can be addressed, and a waste can be effectively isolated.A surface seal landfill design is recommended for maintaining the dry state of solid hazardous wastes and for controlling leachate. Any impervious liner is utilized over the top of the landfill to prevent surface water from seeping into the waste. The surface barrier is also the site where monitoring and maintenance activities are focused. Barrier failure can be detected by visual inspections and any repairs can be made without disturbing the waste. The surface seal landfill does not employ a subsurface barrier. The surface seal landfill successfully addresses each of the four environmental problems listed above, provided that this landfill design is utilized for dry wastes only and is located at a site which provides protection from groundwater and temporary perched water tables.
通过介绍六个正在运营的垃圾填埋场，可以看出美国危险废物填埋处置的现状。这些垃圾填埋场展示了危险废物填埋处置中存在的各种技术。尽管有些垃圾填埋场比其他垃圾填埋场更有效地隔离危险废物，但所有垃圾填埋场都必须应对以下问题。危险废物填埋场的渗滤液通常污染严重。大多数垃圾填埋场试图在现场截留渗滤液，防止其排放到地表水或地下水中。为了将渗滤液保留在处置区域内，会使用混凝土、沥青、丁基橡胶、乙烯基和粘土等材料的地下屏障。很难确保这些材料能无限期地密封垃圾填埋场。当地下屏障失效时，渗滤液会以集中的窄带形式进入地下水，可能会绕过监测井。一旦地下屏障失效，修复工作既耗时又昂贵，因为可能必须清除修复现场上方的废物。垃圾填埋处置的核心问题是渗滤液控制。最近的重点是开发地下屏障来容纳废物和任何渗滤液。未来的重点还应放在危险废物在填埋之前去除其中水分的技术上，以及在处置操作期间和之后防止废物与水接触的方法上。当消除渗滤液时，监测、地下屏障失效和修复等问题就可以得到解决，废物也能得到有效隔离。建议采用表面密封式垃圾填埋场设计来保持固体危险废物的干燥状态并控制渗滤液。在垃圾填埋场顶部使用任何不透水衬垫，以防止地表水渗入废物中。表面屏障也是监测和维护活动的重点区域。通过目视检查可以检测到屏障失效，并且可以在不扰动废物的情况下进行任何修复。表面密封式垃圾填埋场不使用地下屏障。只要这种垃圾填埋场设计仅用于干燥废物，并且位于能防止地下水和临时 perched 水位影响的地点，表面密封式垃圾填埋场就能成功解决上述四个环境问题。 （注：“perched water tables”不太明确准确意思，可能是“上层滞水水位”之类的，这里按原文翻译）
