Banks M S
Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1980 Spring;20(1):205-32. doi: 10.1097/00004397-198002010-00010.
A reasonable amount of information concerning early refraction and accommodation has been accumulated. The measurements of refraction appear to be reliable and concurrently valid, although more attention should be devoted to both of those issues. There is also some evidence that the measurements can be developmentally significant since adults with histories of early spherical or cylindrical errors exhibit nonreversible visual deficits. The retrospective findings [11, 43] that evidenced this point do not necessarily imply that large refractive errors during infancy invariably yield visual deficits later on. To determine the significance of early errors, their predictive validity must be better estimated. Some evidence indicates that neonatal refractions predict refractions later in infancy. But the actual magnitude of the relationship between early and school aged or adult refractions is uncertain. Longitudinal studies of refraction from birth to at least the elementary school years would yield appropriate data. It is hoped that with the increasing interest in early visual function and the development of accurate, yet rapid techniques of measurement (such as photorefraction), such information will soon be forthcoming. It will be of special interest to unveil the mechanisms that control the development of refraction, in particular, to reveal the developmental relationship between refraction and accommodation.
关于早期屈光和调节，已经积累了相当数量的信息。屈光测量似乎是可靠且同时有效的，不过对这两个问题都应给予更多关注。也有一些证据表明，这些测量在发育方面具有重要意义，因为有早期球面或柱面屈光不正病史的成年人表现出不可逆的视觉缺陷。证明这一点的回顾性研究结果[11, 43]并不一定意味着婴儿期的大屈光不正总是会导致后期的视觉缺陷。为了确定早期屈光不正的重要性，必须更好地评估其预测效度。一些证据表明，新生儿屈光可预测婴儿后期的屈光情况。但早期与学龄期或成人屈光之间关系的实际程度尚不确定。从出生到至少小学阶段的屈光纵向研究将产生合适的数据。希望随着对早期视觉功能的兴趣日益增加以及精确且快速的测量技术（如 photorefraction）的发展，此类信息很快就会出现。揭示控制屈光发育的机制，特别是揭示屈光与调节之间的发育关系，将具有特别的意义。
