Cowan J D, Kay D C, Neidert G L, Ross F E, Belmore S M
J Nerv Ment Dis. 1980 Jul;168(7):391-9. doi: 10.1097/00005053-198007000-00001.
Defeated and Joyless scales were developed from a questionnaire given to 54 normal, 53 alcoholic, and 28 opiate addict subjects. The Defeated scale differentiates the alcoholics and addicts from normals but not from each other, whereas the Joyless scale differentiates addicts from both alcoholics and normals. When shown to 48 college students, a film about poverty increased the Joyless score, as well as other measures, but had little effect on the Defeated score. These scales appear to distinguish between self-concept (Defeated) and mood (Joyless) components of hypophoria, an affective disorder hypothesized to be associated with drug abuse.
“挫败”量表和“无愉悦感”量表是基于一份问卷编制而成，该问卷发放给了54名正常人、53名酗酒者和28名阿片类成瘾者。“挫败”量表能区分酗酒者和成瘾者与正常人，但无法区分酗酒者和成瘾者；而“无愉悦感”量表则能将成瘾者与酗酒者及正常人区分开来。向48名大学生播放一部关于贫困的影片后，“无愉悦感”得分以及其他指标有所上升，但对“挫败”得分影响甚微。这些量表似乎能够区分疑病症（一种被认为与药物滥用有关的情感障碍）的自我概念（“挫败”）和情绪（“无愉悦感”）成分。
