Carter D R, Frankel V H
Am J Sports Med. 1980 Sep-Oct;8(5):302-9. doi: 10.1177/036354658000800502.
The biomechanics of cervical spine hyperextension injuries in football players were assessed by using quasi-static-free body analyses. Three situations, i.e., "cases," corresponding to the loading conditions created by three different helmet designs, were examined with the following assumptions: (1) the helmet rim is cut high enough posteriorly so that it does not impinge upon the posterior cervical spine, (2) the helmet rim impacts at the level of the fourth cervical vertebra, and (3) the posterior rim of the helmet strikes the shoulder pads. The results of the analyses suggest that the most dangerous hyperextension situation is Case 1 which leads to high forces and possibly serious injury to the upper cervical spine. The impact of the posterior rim of the helmet at the fourth cervical vertebra (Case 2) significantly reduces these forces. This finding directly conflicts with the so-called "guillotine" mechanism of injury. The impact of the posterior rim of the helmet on the shoulder pads (Case 3) creates the least hazardous loading conditions.
通过使用准静态自由体分析来评估足球运动员颈椎过伸损伤的生物力学。研究了三种情况，即与三种不同头盔设计所产生的加载条件相对应的“案例”，并采用以下假设：（1）头盔边缘在后方切割得足够高，以至于不会撞击颈椎后部；（2）头盔边缘在第四颈椎水平撞击；（3）头盔后缘撞击肩垫。分析结果表明，最危险的过伸情况是案例1，它会导致高作用力，并可能对上颈椎造成严重损伤。头盔后缘在第四颈椎处的撞击（案例2）会显著降低这些作用力。这一发现与所谓的“断头台”损伤机制直接冲突。头盔后缘对肩垫的撞击（案例3）产生的加载条件危害最小。
