ten Donkelaar H J, Kusuma A, de Boer-Van Huizen R
J Comp Neurol. 1980 Aug 15;192(4):827-51. doi: 10.1002/cne.901920413.
The cells of origin of pathways descending to the spinal cord have been determined in several quadrupedal reptiles, viz., the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans and Testudo hermanni and the lizards Tupinambis nigropunctatus and Varanus exanthematicus, following a technique introduced by Kuypers and Maisky ('75). This technique was very effective in producing retrograde transport of HRP to a great many neurons in the hypothalamus and in the brain stem. Projections from the hypothalamus (the nucleus paraventricularis and the nucleus periventricularis hypothalami), the interstitial nucleus of the film, the nucleus ruber, the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal, the locus coeruleus, the subcoeruleus area, a conspicuous cell group comparable to Kuypers and Maisky's (75, '77) lateral pontine area, the magnocellular reticular formation, the ventrolateral, ventromedial, and descending vestibular nuclei, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and the nucleus of the solitary tract, reach at least as far as the lumbar intumescence. Projections from two somatosensory nuclei, i.e., the nucleus descendens nervi trigemini and the nucleus funiculi dorsalis, as well as the laminar nucleus of the torus semicircularis, have been demonstrated to at least the ninth spinal segment. The two deep cerebellar nuclei, particularly the medial cerebellar nucleus, were found to project contralaterally to the spinal cord, in the lizard Varanus exanthematicus at least as far as the seventh segment; in the turtles studied so far, only projections as far caudal as the fourth spinal segment could be demonstrated. Data on the funicular trajectory of various descending pathways could also be obtained. It seems likely that in the reptiles studied, in addition to rubrospinal and reticulospinal pathways, projections from the hypothalamus, the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal, the cell group comparable to the mammalian lateral pontine area, the locus coeruleus, and subcoeruleus area, and the nucleus of the solitary tract pass via the lateral funiculus. The pathways descending from the hypothalamus and brain stem to the spinal cord in the quadrupedal reptiles studied appear to show remarkable similarities to pathway in mammals as regards their cells of origin as well as their funicular trajectory. It seems likely that some of the projections demonstrated, viz., from the locus coeruleus, at least part of the cell group comparable to the lateral pontine area, as well as the cells in and around the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, are noradrenergic pathways.
运用库珀斯和迈斯基（1975年）提出的技术，已在几种四足爬行动物中确定了下行至脊髓的通路的起源细胞，即锦龟、赫尔曼陆龟、黑斑侧颈龟和草原巨蜥。该技术在使辣根过氧化物酶逆向运输到下丘脑和脑干的大量神经元方面非常有效。来自下丘脑（室旁核和室周下丘脑核）、终膜间质核、红核、动眼神经副核、蓝斑、蓝斑下区、一个与库珀斯和迈斯基（1975年、1977年）的外侧脑桥区相当的明显细胞群、巨细胞网状结构、腹外侧、腹内侧和下行前庭核、迷走神经背运动核以及孤束核的投射至少延伸到腰膨大。来自两个躯体感觉核，即三叉神经降核和背索核，以及半规管层状核的投射已被证明至少到第九脊髓节段。在草原巨蜥中发现，两个小脑深部核，特别是内侧小脑核，向脊髓对侧投射，至少到第七节段；在迄今为止研究的龟类中，仅能证明投射到第四脊髓节段那么靠尾侧。还可获得各种下行通路的索状轨迹的数据。在被研究的爬行动物中，除了红核脊髓束和网状脊髓束通路外，来自下丘脑、动眼神经副核、与哺乳动物外侧脑桥区相当的细胞群、蓝斑和蓝斑下区以及孤束核的投射似乎经外侧索通过。在被研究的四足爬行动物中，从下丘脑和脑干下行至脊髓的通路在其起源细胞以及索状轨迹方面似乎与哺乳动物的通路有显著相似之处。似乎已证明的一些投射，即来自蓝斑、至少部分与外侧脑桥区相当的细胞群以及迷走神经背运动核及其周围的细胞，是去甲肾上腺素能通路。
