Tönz O, Schwaninger U
Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1980 Oct 18;110(42):1522-31.
The term "artificial feeding" includes a) the various infant formulas (including homemade formulas) substituting or supplementing mother's milk; b) the so-called "Beikost", i.e. minor additions to mothers milk or formula, such as fruit juices, fruit, meat and eggs; c) solid foods replacing part of the liquid food after a few weeks or months (weaning food). The use of these preparations in no- or partially-breastfed infants was studied and correlated with various socioeconomic parameters. The most striking observations were (1) during the first three months a decline in homemade formulas in favour of adapted readymade preparations; (2) a reduction in milk-cereal preparations with an increase in the use of yoghurt. Both trends reduce the carbohydrate content of the food. Except for breast-feeding, there are only minor differences in feeding habits between different socioeconomic classes. 96% of all infants received prophylactic doses of vitamin D, while 81% were given fluorides as prophylaxis against caries. On average the first gliadins were given after 16 weeks, in 10% earlier than the sixth week and in 16% after the sixth month only.
“人工喂养”一词包括：a）各种替代或补充母乳的婴儿配方奶粉（包括自制配方奶粉）；b）所谓的“辅食”，即在母乳或配方奶粉中少量添加的食物，如果汁、水果、肉类和蛋类；c）在几周或几个月后替代部分流质食物的固体食物（断奶食品）。对非母乳喂养或部分母乳喂养婴儿使用这些制剂的情况进行了研究，并与各种社会经济参数相关联。最显著的观察结果是：（1）在头三个月中，自制配方奶粉的使用减少，转而青睐经过改良的现成制剂；（2）牛奶谷物制剂的使用减少，酸奶的使用增加。这两种趋势都降低了食物中的碳水化合物含量。除母乳喂养外，不同社会经济阶层的喂养习惯只有细微差异。96%的婴儿接受了预防性剂量的维生素D，而81%的婴儿服用了氟化物以预防龋齿。平均而言，首次喂食麦醇溶蛋白是在16周后，10%的婴儿在第6周之前就开始喂食，16%的婴儿直到第6个月之后才开始喂食。
