Agitation: measurement, management, and intervention research.

Strategies for controlling and managing agitation of patients in long-term care populations has been identified as a research priority. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of literature on empirically tested therapeutic interventions for agitation. This manuscript summarizes the literature related to the measurement, management, and interventions for agitation and identifies a nursing research agenda for conducting research in this area. Nonpharmacological and nonrestraint interventions are highlighted and categorized by (1) alterations in care given, (2) environmental adaptations, and (3) behavioral approaches. Future research areas identified by the authors focus on additional types of environmental, interpersonal, and behavioral interventions as well as theoretical predictors of agitation; the influence and role of nursing personnel and caregiver; and the legal and ethical issues involved in caring for patients who manifest agitation.