Joyce C R
Patient Educ Couns. 1995 Sep;26(1-3):319-23. doi: 10.1016/0738-3991(95)00734-h.
Questionnaires quantify formal aspects of unidirectional communication. This definition indicates the major limitations of research based on such techniques: it will be unbalanced and restrictive, and therefore incomplete. The wide use of questionnaires is often unavoidable in medical and scientific research, yet they are often developed with insufficient attention to the needs that they are intended to meet. Their design may be imperfect even in relatively straightforward circumstances such as the reporting of laboratory observations, but inappropriate as well as imperfect in others, such as the study of individual quality of life. This concept and others related to it are defined, together with some major sources of error in questionnaire development and use. Steps that can be taken to improve the situation are also mentioned.
问卷调查量化了单向沟通的形式方面。这个定义指出了基于此类技术的研究的主要局限性：它将是不平衡且具有局限性的，因此是不完整的。在医学和科学研究中，问卷调查的广泛使用往往不可避免，但它们的开发往往没有充分关注其旨在满足的需求。即使在相对简单的情况下，如实验室观察报告，其设计也可能存在缺陷，而在其他情况下，如个体生活质量研究中，则既不合适又存在缺陷。本文定义了这一概念以及与之相关的其他概念，同时还介绍了问卷开发和使用中一些主要的误差来源。文中还提到了可以采取的改善这种情况的措施。
