Roelcke V
Medizinhistorisches Institut der Universität Bonn.
Gesundheitswesen. 1995 Aug-Sep;57(8-9):443-51.
The concept of "disease of civilization" is commonly used for a variety of conditions. It implies a criticism of the "modern" way of life. This criticism and the strategies put forward to prevent diseases of civilization are correlated to the specific historical context in which they are formulated. The paper analyses three positions characterising different periods in 20th century German history: In the Weimar Republic, representatives of paediatrics and social hygiene asked for the expansion of public health care programmes according to the principles laid down by the Weimar constitution. During the time of National Socialism, more radical measures were propagated by exponents of hygiene and psychotherapy, aiming at a fundamental restructuration of society in accordance with the Nazi ideology. After 1945, strategies focused on the individual: Physical exercise, abstinence, and individual psychotherapy were propagated to prevent or treat the consequences of life in modern society.
“文明病”这一概念通常用于多种病症。它意味着对“现代”生活方式的批判。这种批判以及为预防文明病而提出的策略与它们形成时的特定历史背景相关。本文分析了20世纪德国历史上不同时期的三种立场：在魏玛共和国时期，儿科学和社会卫生学的代表们要求根据魏玛宪法规定的原则扩大公共卫生保健项目。在纳粹统治时期，卫生学和心理治疗的支持者宣扬了更为激进的措施，旨在按照纳粹意识形态对社会进行根本性重组。1945年以后，策略聚焦于个体：宣传体育锻炼、节制和个体心理治疗以预防或治疗现代社会生活的后果。
