Dynamic properties of human visual evoked and omitted stimulus potentials.

Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and omitted stimulus potentials (OSPs) are re-examined in scalp recordings from 19 healthy subjects. The principal finding is a distinction in form, latency and properties between OSPs in the conditioning stimulus range < 2 Hz, used in previous human studies, and those in the range > 5 Hz, used in previous studies of selected elasmobranchs, teleost fish and reptiles. We cannot find OSPs between 2 and 5 Hz. The high frequency ("fast," ca.6- > 40 Hz) and the low frequency ("slow," ca. 0.3-1.6 Hz) OSPs have different forms and latencies but both tend to a constant latency after the omission, over their frequency ranges, suggesting a temporally specific expectation. Fast OSPs (typically N120, P170-230 and later components including induced rhythms at 10-13 Hz) resemble an OFF effect, and require fixation but not attention to the interstimulus interval. Slow OSPs (usually P500-1100) require attention but not fixation; they are multimodal, unlike the fast OSPs. Based on cited data from fish and reptiles, fast OSPs probably arise in the retina, to be modified at each subsequent level. We have no evidence on the origin of slow OSPs. In both ranges not only large, diffuse flashes, but weak, virtual point sources (colored LEDs) meters away suffice. They are difficult to habituate. Both require very short conditioning periods. The transition from the single, rested VEP to the steady state response (SSR) at different frequencies is described. Around 8-15 Hz in most subjects larger SSRs suggest a resonance. Alternation between large and small SSR amplitude occurs around 4 Hz in some subjects and conditions of attention, and correlates with an illusion that the flash frequency is 2 Hz or is irregular. Jitter of the conditioning intervals greatly reduces the slow OSP but only slightly affects the fast OSP. Differences between scalp loci are described.