Cavalli-Sforza L L, Piazza A
Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Calif.
Eur J Hum Genet. 1993;1(1):3-18. doi: 10.1159/000472383.
Gene frequencies in Europe are intermediate with respect to those of other continents. A phylogenetic tree reconstructed from 95 gene frequencies tested on 26 European samples shows some deviant populations (Lapps, Sardinians, Greeks, Yugoslavs, Basques, Icelanders and Finns) and other weakly structured populations. This behavior may have a simple interpretation: Europeans have not evolved according to a tree of descent probably because of the major role played by migrations in prehistorical and historical times. The leading component of the European genetic landscape is a gradient that originates in the Middle East and is directed to the northwest. According to the hypothesis by Ammerman and Cavalli-Sforza this gradient was generated by a migration of Neolithic farmers from Anatolia followed by continuous, partial admixture of the expanding farmers with local hunter-gatherers. Other leading components of the gene frequencies in Europe show correlations with possible movements of Uralic-speaking people and pastoral nomads from a region north of the Caucasus and Black Sea, which according to Gimbutas is the area of origin of Indo-European speakers. This analysis is based on classical pre-DNA genetic markers. The prospect of future research using DNA polymorphisms is discussed in the context of the Human Genome Project.
欧洲的基因频率在其他各大洲之间处于中间水平。根据对26个欧洲样本检测的95种基因频率重建的系统发育树显示出一些偏离群体（拉普人、撒丁岛人、希腊人、南斯拉夫人、巴斯克人、冰岛人和芬兰人）以及其他结构松散的群体。这种情况可能有一个简单的解释：欧洲人可能并非按照谱系树进化而来，这可能是由于史前和历史时期移民所起的主要作用。欧洲遗传景观的主要组成部分是一个从中东发源并指向西北的梯度。根据阿默曼和卡瓦利 - 斯福扎的假说，这个梯度是由新石器时代的农民从安纳托利亚迁徙而来，随后不断与当地的狩猎采集者进行部分混合而形成的。欧洲基因频率的其他主要组成部分显示出与讲乌拉尔语的人群以及来自高加索和黑海以北地区的游牧民族的可能迁移存在相关性，根据金布塔斯的说法，该地区是印欧语系使用者的起源地。此分析基于经典的DNA之前的遗传标记。在人类基因组计划的背景下讨论了使用DNA多态性进行未来研究的前景。
