McGinley P H, Miner M S
Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
Health Phys. 1995 Nov;69(5):759-65. doi: 10.1097/00004032-199511000-00010.
In this report the history of shielding for radiation treatment rooms is traced from the time of the discovery of x-rays to the present. During the early part of the twentieth century the hazards from ionizing radiation were recognized and the use of lead and other materials became commonplace for shielding against x-rays. Techniques for the calculation of the shield thickness needed for x-ray protection were developed in the 1920's and shielding materials were characterized in terms of the half value layer or simple exponential factors. At the same time, better knowledge of the interaction between radiation and matter was acquired. With the development of high energy medical accelerators after 1940, new and more complex shielding problems had to be addressed. Recently, shielding requirements have become more stringent as standards for exposure of personnel and the general public have been reduced. The art of shielding of radiation treatment facilities is still being developed and the need for a revision of the reports on shielding of medical accelerators from the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements is emphasized in this article.
在本报告中，放射治疗室屏蔽的历史可追溯到X射线发现之时直至现在。在20世纪早期，电离辐射的危害被认识到，铅和其他材料用于屏蔽X射线变得很普遍。20世纪20年代开发了计算X射线防护所需屏蔽厚度的技术，屏蔽材料根据半价层或简单指数因子来表征。与此同时，人们对辐射与物质之间的相互作用有了更好的了解。1940年后随着高能医用加速器的发展，不得不解决新的、更复杂的屏蔽问题。最近，由于人员和公众暴露标准的降低，屏蔽要求变得更加严格。放射治疗设施的屏蔽技术仍在发展，本文强调了美国国家辐射防护与测量委员会对医用加速器屏蔽报告进行修订的必要性。
