Zebrowski P M
Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA.
J Commun Disord. 1995 Jun;28(2):75-91. doi: 10.1016/0021-9924(95)00002-u.
Presently, there are a number of protocols available to assist speech-language pathologists in the identification of early stuttering (Gordon and Luper, 1992). While such protocols offer guidelines for differentiating children who stutter from those who are normally disfluent, the criteria for doing so is frequently based on clinical observation, and often suffers from limited empirical support. The purpose of this paper is to provide an update and "recalibration" of what we currently know to be the salient behaviors of beginning stuttering, and how specific features of these behaviors distinguish stuttering children form their normally disfluent counterparts. Specifically, studies examining (1) frequency, (2) type, and (3) duration of disfluency, including number of repeated units and additional temporal aspects of instances of sound, syllable, and whole-word repetition, as well as (4) associated speech and nonspeech behaviors produced by children who stutter will be reviewed, and comparisons to normally speaking children will be made when possible. With a few exceptions, discussion will be limited to those studies which specifically examined the speech of preschool children, or which purported to include children close to the onset of stuttering, regardless of age.
目前，有许多协议可用于帮助言语病理学家识别早期口吃（戈登和卢珀，1992年）。虽然这些协议为区分口吃儿童和正常不流畅儿童提供了指导方针，但这样做的标准通常基于临床观察，并且常常缺乏足够的实证支持。本文的目的是更新并“重新校准”我们目前所知道的开始口吃的显著行为，以及这些行为的具体特征如何将口吃儿童与正常不流畅儿童区分开来。具体而言，将回顾研究（1）不流畅的频率、（2）类型和（3）持续时间，包括重复单元的数量以及声音、音节和全词重复实例的其他时间方面，以及（4）口吃儿童产生的相关言语和非言语行为，并尽可能与正常说话的儿童进行比较。除了少数例外情况，讨论将限于那些专门研究学龄前儿童言语的研究，或者那些声称包括接近口吃开始年龄的儿童的研究，无论其实际年龄如何。
