Disinfection and wildlife.

Capture, handling or transport of wildlife for purposes such as research, disease monitoring, wildlife damage control, relocation, and collection of zoological specimens can create risks of disease spread. Cleaning and disinfection procedures for equipment used in these activities must be routine and designed to eliminate the spread of pathogens to either animals or humans. General methods and materials for cleaning and disinfection apply to wildlife studies. Concepts involved in preparing a protocol specific to a wildlife investigation are discussed. The control of the spread of livestock and poultry pathogens via free-ranging mammals and birds prior to disinfection of contaminated premises is approached through an accurate assessment of the problem and, where necessary, the selection of appropriate wildlife control measures. The authors discuss the development of a problem assessment, and review potential methods for use in the control of wildlife. For an accurate problem assessment, information is needed on the presence of wild mammals and birds at the site, exposure of wild mammals and birds to the pathogen, and the potential for further transmission. When wildlife control is deemed necessary, techniques may be selected to disperse or exclude animals from premises or to depopulate the site. Dispersal or exclusion from premises is appropriate when movement of animals within or away from the contaminated premises would not result in further transmission of the pathogen. Depopulation is necessary when the continued presence or dispersal of wild mammals or birds would potentially result in further spread of the disease.