Friedmann H
Department of Sociology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Int J Health Serv. 1995;25(3):511-38. doi: 10.2190/451A-896W-GGLK-ELXT.
The largest gap between national regulation and transnational economic organization is in the agro-food sector. This gap is the legacy of the post-World War II food regime, whose implicit rules gave priority to national farm programs (including import controls and export subsidies); placed the United States at the center; generated chronic surpluses; and allowed international power to take the unusual form of subsidized exports of surplus commodities, particularly wheat. The author analyzes the emergence and contradictions of the postwar food regime as a tension between replication and integration of national agro-food sectors, often interpreted as "export of the U.S. model." By the early 1970s, replication led to international economic conflict, while transnational corporations found national regulatory frameworks to be obstacles to further integration of a potentially global agro-food sector. A new axis between Asian import countries and new agricultural countries, such as Brazil, has destabilized the Atlantic-centered food regime, without creating a new regime. Alternative future regime are identified, based on the shift from agriculture to food, employment, and land use as political issues: private global regulation or democratic regulation of nested, regional agro-food economies, federated at the international level.
国家监管与跨国经济组织之间最大的差距存在于农业食品领域。这种差距是二战后食品体系遗留下来的，其隐含规则优先考虑国家农业计划（包括进口管制和出口补贴）；以美国为中心；造成长期过剩；并使国际权力采取了补贴过剩商品出口（尤其是小麦）这种不同寻常的形式。作者分析了战后食品体系的出现及其矛盾之处，认为这是国家农业食品部门在复制与整合之间的一种紧张关系，这种紧张关系常被解读为“美国模式的输出”。到20世纪70年代初，复制导致了国际经济冲突，而跨国公司发现国家监管框架成为了潜在的全球农业食品部门进一步整合的障碍。亚洲进口国与巴西等新兴农业国家之间的新轴心打破了以大西洋为中心的食品体系的稳定，但并未形成新的体系。基于从农业向食品、就业和土地利用等政治问题的转变，确定了未来可能的替代体系：对嵌套式区域农业食品经济体进行全球私人监管或民主监管，并在国际层面实现联合。
