Ross C E, Mirowsky J
Department of Sociology, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA.
J Health Soc Behav. 1995 Sep;36(3):230-43.
Employment correlates positively with health, but is employment cause or consequence? The social causation hypothesis says that employment improves the health of men and women. The selection hypothesis says that healthy people get and keep jobs more than unhealthy people do. We test both hypotheses using longitudinal data from a national probability sample (N = 2,436 interviewed in both years). In the equations representing social causation, full-time employment predicts slower declines in perceived health and in physical functioning for both men and women. Full-time employment has the same effect for both sexes. Among women, it also has the same effect for White and non-White, and for married and nonmarried. In the equations representing social selection, physical functioning increases the odds of getting or keeping a full-time job for both sexes. Perceived health increases the odds for women but not for men. In regard to homemaking among women, homemaking predicts significantly greater declines in health, but health has no effect on the odds of becoming or staying a homemaker.
就业与健康呈正相关，但就业是原因还是结果呢？社会因果关系假说认为就业能改善男性和女性的健康。选择假说则认为健康的人比不健康的人更能获得并保住工作。我们使用来自全国概率样本的纵向数据（两年中采访了2436人）对这两种假说进行检验。在代表社会因果关系的方程中，全职工作预示着男性和女性在自我感知健康和身体机能方面的下降速度会更慢。全职工作对两性的影响相同。在女性中，对白人女性和非白人女性、已婚女性和未婚女性的影响也相同。在代表社会选择的方程中，身体机能提高了两性获得或保住全职工作的几率。自我感知健康提高了女性获得或保住全职工作的几率，但对男性没有影响。关于女性从事家务的情况，从事家务预示着健康状况会有明显更大幅度的下降，但健康状况对成为或继续成为家庭主妇的几率没有影响。
