Madden K S, Sanders V M, Felten D L
Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York 14642, USA.
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1995;35:417-48. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pa.35.040195.002221.
Primary and secondary lymphoid organs are innervated extensively by noradrenergic sympathetic nerve fibers. Lymphocytes, macrophages, and other cells of the immune system bear functional adrenoreceptors. Norepinephrine fulfills criteria for neurotransmission with cells of the immune system as targets. In vitro, adrenergic agonists can modulate all aspects of an immune response (initiative, proliferative, and effector phases), altering such functions as cytokine production, lymphocyte proliferation, and antibody secretion. In vivo, chemical sympathectomy suppresses cell-mediated (T helper-1) responses, and may enhance antibody (T helper-2) responses. Noradrenergic innervation of spleen and lymph nodes is diminished progressively during aging, a time when cell-mediated immune function also is suppressed. In animal models of autoimmune disease, sympathetic innervation is reduced prior to onset of disease symptoms, and chemical sympathectomy can exacerbate disease severity. These findings illustrate the importance of the sympathetic nervous system in modulating immune function under normal and disease states.
初级和次级淋巴器官广泛受去甲肾上腺素能交感神经纤维支配。免疫系统的淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞和其他细胞带有功能性肾上腺素能受体。去甲肾上腺素满足以免疫系统细胞为靶标的神经传递标准。在体外，肾上腺素能激动剂可调节免疫反应的各个方面（起始、增殖和效应阶段），改变细胞因子产生、淋巴细胞增殖和抗体分泌等功能。在体内，化学性交感神经切除术可抑制细胞介导的（辅助性T细胞1型）反应，并可能增强抗体（辅助性T细胞2型）反应。在衰老过程中，脾脏和淋巴结的去甲肾上腺素能神经支配逐渐减少，而此时细胞介导的免疫功能也受到抑制。在自身免疫性疾病的动物模型中，在疾病症状出现之前交感神经支配就已减少，化学性交感神经切除术会加重疾病的严重程度。这些发现说明了交感神经系统在正常和疾病状态下调节免疫功能中的重要性。
