Pathophysiology and management of noncardiac chest pain.

Noncardiac chest pain is a common but important clinical challenge with respect to diagnostic strategy as well as therapeutic intervention. The most common esophageal disorder associated with chest pain syndrome is gastroesophageal reflux; 24-hour ambulatory monitoring of esophageal pH and the determination of the symptom index are useful in patient evaluation. A high frequency of abnormal esophageal motility has been reported in noncardiac chest pain, but its clinical significance remains controversial. Patients with chest pain and normal coronary angiogram may have microvascular angina. Musculoskeletal conditions account for at least 10% of the cases of noncardiac chest pain. The potential effects of stress and altered psychological states in this phenomenon must be considered. The role of panic attacks in the production of pain needs to be clarified. Investigations to elucidate the exact cause of chest pain as well as its treatment should be individualized to the patient.