Memar O M, Arany I, Tyring S K
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-1019, USA.
J Invest Dermatol. 1995 Jul;105(1 Suppl):99S-104S. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12316241.
The skin-associated lymphoid tissue is composed of keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, skin trophic T cells, and lymphatic endothelial cells of the skin. The epidermis, which is involved in many viral infections, contains all of the components needed for an effective immune response: antigen-presenting Langerhans cells, T cells, and cytokines from leukocytes and keratinocytes. There have been some recent advances in the study of the cutaneous immunology involved in infections with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV). In general, viral diseases with cutaneous manifestations lead to a decline in epidermal Langerhans cell numbers, which probably reflects Langerhans cell emigration out of the epidermis and entry into regional lymph nodes, leading to Langerhans cell activation and antigen presentation to T cells. In HSV, there is a subsequent T-cell infiltration of the epidermis, composed of CD4+ cells that have both immune modulatory action and direct cytotoxic action. In HIV, where there is a systemic depletion of CD4+ cells, the epidermis is left with reduced numbers of T cells. Intradermal injection of interleukin-2, however, leads to an epidermal cellular infiltration in HIV+ individuals. In HPV-induced condyloma, intralesional interferon increases Langerhans cells and CD4+ and CD8+ cells in the skin, as well as transforming growth factor beta 1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, pRB, and p53. Therefore, viral infections involving the epidermal immune system have certain similar characteristics, whereas other factors are unique to the infecting virus.
皮肤相关淋巴组织由角质形成细胞、朗格汉斯细胞、皮肤营养性T细胞和皮肤淋巴管内皮细胞组成。参与多种病毒感染的表皮包含有效免疫反应所需的所有成分：抗原呈递朗格汉斯细胞、T细胞以及来自白细胞和角质形成细胞的细胞因子。人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）、人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）和单纯疱疹病毒（HSV）感染所涉及的皮肤免疫学研究最近取得了一些进展。一般来说，有皮肤表现的病毒性疾病会导致表皮朗格汉斯细胞数量减少，这可能反映了朗格汉斯细胞迁出表皮并进入局部淋巴结，从而导致朗格汉斯细胞活化并向T细胞呈递抗原。在HSV感染中，随后会有表皮的T细胞浸润，由具有免疫调节作用和直接细胞毒性作用的CD4 +细胞组成。在CD4 +细胞发生全身性耗竭的HIV感染中，表皮中的T细胞数量减少。然而，皮内注射白细胞介素-2会导致HIV阳性个体出现表皮细胞浸润。在HPV诱导的尖锐湿疣中，皮损内注射干扰素会增加皮肤中的朗格汉斯细胞、CD4 +和CD8 +细胞，以及转化生长因子β1、肿瘤坏死因子-α、pRB和p53。因此，涉及表皮免疫系统的病毒感染具有某些相似特征，而其他因素则因感染病毒的不同而独特。
