乌克兰土壤和食物样本中的沉降放射性：碘、钚、铯和锶同位素的测量

Fallout radioactivity in soil and food samples in the Ukraine: measurements of iodine, plutonium, cesium, and strontium isotopes.

作者信息

Hoshi M, Yamamoto M, Kawamura H, Shinohara K, Shibata Y, Kozlenko M T, Takatsuji T, Yamashita S, Namba H, Yokoyama N

机构信息

Research Institute for Nuclear Medicine and Biology, Hiroshima University, Japan.

出版信息

Health Phys. 1994 Aug;67(2):187-91. doi: 10.1097/00004032-199408000-00012.

DOI:10.1097/00004032-199408000-00012

PMID:7619095

Abstract

To estimate the level and distribution of fallout attributable to the 26 April 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power station accident in the Ukraine, we sampled several kinds of substances at Korosten, Zhitomir and at Katyuzhanka, Vishgorod, Kiev in the Ukraine, and measured the radioactivity of 137Cs, 134Cs, 90Sr, 129I, 238Pu, 239,240Pu, and the density of 127I (stable). The substances investigated were soil, dry milk, wheat, rye, drinking water, and mushrooms. Except for the mushrooms collected, which were sampled at Katyuzhanka, Vishgorod, and at Kiev, all substances were at Korosten, Zhitomir. The activity of 137Cs, 134Cs, 90Sr, 238Pu, and 239,240Pu were all higher in soil and mushrooms than in the other four substances. The activity of 137Cs was 960 and 1,210 Bq kg-1 in the two soil samples and 6,110 Bq kg-1 in the mushrooms. The activity of 134Cs was approximately 15% of 137Cs in the two soil samples while < 3% of 137Cs in the mushrooms. The activity concentration level of 90Sr as compared to 137Cs concentration was 15-31% in food samples other than mushrooms but only 1.9% in mushrooms and 1.4 and 1.2% in the two soil samples. The radioactivity ratios, 238Pu: 239,240Pu and 239,240Pu: 137Cs, suggested that the proportion of cesium radioisotopes and 239,240Pu in the soil attributable to the Chernobyl accident was approximately 100% and 10-20%, respectively, while approximately 100% of 239,240Pu in the mushrooms was attributable to the accident. The activity of 129I was small but the ratio of 129I: 127I in the two soil samples was 4.3 x 10(-8) and 1.0 x 10(-7), which is approximately 10 times larger than that in the global fallout. These results suggest that the areas where the soil was sampled are iodine-deficient and were contaminated slightly by the Chernobyl accident.

摘要

为估算归因于1986年4月26日乌克兰切尔诺贝利核电站事故的沉降物水平及分布情况，我们在乌克兰的科罗斯坚、日托米尔以及卡秋然卡、维什戈罗德、基辅采集了多种物质样本，并测量了¹³⁷Cs、¹³⁴Cs、⁹⁰Sr、¹²⁹I、²³⁸Pu、²³⁹,²⁴⁰Pu的放射性以及¹²⁷I（稳定碘）的密度。所调查的物质包括土壤、奶粉、小麦、黑麦、饮用水和蘑菇。除了在卡秋然卡、维什戈罗德和基辅采集的蘑菇样本外，所有物质样本均采自科罗斯坚和日托米尔。土壤和蘑菇中¹³⁷Cs、¹³⁴Cs、⁹⁰Sr、²³⁸Pu和²³⁹,²⁴⁰Pu的活度均高于其他四种物质。两个土壤样本中¹³⁷Cs的活度分别为960和1210 Bq kg⁻¹，蘑菇中为6110 Bq kg⁻¹。两个土壤样本中¹³⁴Cs的活度约为¹³⁷Cs的15%，而蘑菇中<¹³⁷Cs的3%。除蘑菇外的食品样本中⁹⁰Sr活度浓度与¹³⁷Cs浓度的比值为15 - 31%，但蘑菇中仅为1.9%，两个土壤样本中分别为1.4%和1.2%。²³⁸Pu:²³⁹,²⁴⁰Pu和²³⁹,²⁴⁰Pu:¹³⁷Cs的放射性比值表明，切尔诺贝利事故导致土壤中铯放射性同位素和²³⁹,²⁴⁰Pu的比例分别约为100%和10 - 20%，而蘑菇中约100%的²³⁹,²⁴⁰Pu可归因于该事故。¹²⁹I的活度较小，但两个土壤样本中¹²⁹I:¹²⁷I的比值分别为4.3×10⁻⁸和1.0×10⁻⁷，约为全球沉降物中该比值的10倍。这些结果表明，采集土壤样本的区域缺碘，且受到了切尔诺贝利事故的轻微污染。