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婴儿对物体三个月运动过程的记忆:对四阶段注意力功能的启示。

Infant memory for object motion across a period of three months: implications for a four-phase attention function.

作者信息

Bahrick L E, Pickens J N

机构信息

Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami 33199, USA.

出版信息

J Exp Child Psychol. 1995 Jun;59(3):343-71. doi: 10.1006/jecp.1995.1017.

Abstract

Memory for object motion in 3-month-old infants was investigated across retention intervals of 1 or 3 months in three studies using a novelty preference method. Following familiarization to an object undergoing one of two types of motion, visual preferences for the novel motion were assessed after retention intervals of 1 min, 1 day, and 1 month (Experiment 1, N = 120) and 1 min, 1 day, 2 weeks, and 1 month (Experiment 2, N = 74). Results of both studies indicated a significant preference for the novel motion at the 1-min delay, a significant preference for the familiar motion at the 1-month delay, and no preferences at the intermediate retention intervals. In Experiment 3, memory was assessed after a 3-month interval and again, a significant familiarity preference was obtained. These results demonstrate that memory for object motion lasts across retention intervals of 1 and 3 months and that novelty and familiarity preferences interact with retention time. A four-phase function relating visual preferences and retention time was proposed. Phase 1, recent memory, is characterized by a novelty preference; phase 2, intermediate memory, is a period of transition characterized by no visual preference; phase 3, remote memory, is characterized by a familiarity preference; and phase 4, inaccessible memory, is also characterized by no preference. The finding of a transition period at intermediate retention times suggests that null preferences should not necessarily be taken as evidence of forgetting. Rather, more extended retention intervals should be included to interpret null findings obtained in the novelty preference method.

摘要

在三项研究中,采用新颖性偏好方法,对3个月大婴儿在1个月或3个月的保持间隔内对物体运动的记忆进行了调查。在使婴儿熟悉两种运动类型之一的物体后,分别在1分钟、1天、1个月(实验1,N = 120)以及1分钟、1天、2周和1个月(实验2,N = 74)的保持间隔后,评估其对新颖运动的视觉偏好。两项研究的结果均表明,在延迟1分钟时对新颖运动有显著偏好,在延迟1个月时对熟悉运动有显著偏好,而在中间保持间隔时无偏好。在实验3中,在3个月的间隔后评估记忆,同样获得了显著的熟悉度偏好。这些结果表明,对物体运动的记忆在1个月和3个月的保持间隔中持续存在,并且新颖性和熟悉度偏好与保持时间相互作用。提出了一个将视觉偏好与保持时间相关联的四阶段函数。阶段1,近期记忆,其特征是新颖性偏好;阶段2,中间记忆,是一个以无视觉偏好为特征的过渡阶段;阶段3,远期记忆,其特征是熟悉度偏好;阶段4,无法触及的记忆,其特征也是无偏好。在中间保持时间发现过渡阶段表明,无偏好不一定应被视为遗忘的证据。相反,为了解释在新颖性偏好方法中获得的无偏好结果,应纳入更长的保持间隔。

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