Robinson C, Kirkham J, Brookes S J, Bonass W A, Shore R C
Leeds Dental Institute, Division of Oral Biology, United Kingdom.
Int J Dev Biol. 1995 Feb;39(1):145-52.
The central problems of enamel biochemistry are the mechanisms concerned with initiation and development of the mineral crystals, together with their architectural arrangement within the tissue. These processes are mediated by the extracellular matrix as well as the composition of the mineral itself. Initial mineral deposition occurs at the dentine surface, nucleated either by dentinal components or early enamel matrix, possibly non-amelogenin molecules. The early crystals are small in size and rich in magnesium and carbonate resulting in relatively poor crystallinity. This is in spite of the fact that fluoride is high at this stage. Crystal development includes a reduction in magnesium, carbonate and fluoride as crystals increase in length following the retreating ameloblasts from the dentine. The matrix acquires increasing concentrations of amelogenin and albumin. Prismatic structure begins to develop together with some growth of crystals in width and thickness. Degradation of amelogenin and non-amelogenin molecules generates a series of specific molecular fragments possibly concerned with modulating crystal growth and morphology and the creation of prismatic and interprismatic structures. Towards the end of secretion, matrix, now almost completely degraded, is replaced by fluid followed by massive crystal growth during maturation. Degradation of albumin also occurs at this stage, probably as a result of comprehensive destruction of molecules which might impair crystal growth. Selective acquisition of magnesium and fluoride at this stage may reflect the hydrated state of the tissue as well as cell changes. Fluid is displaced as crystals grow and the enamel acquires concentrations of mineral characteristic of mature tissue.
牙釉质生物化学的核心问题是与矿物晶体的起始和发育相关的机制，以及它们在组织内的结构排列。这些过程由细胞外基质以及矿物本身的组成介导。最初的矿物沉积发生在牙本质表面，由牙本质成分或早期牙釉质基质（可能是非釉原蛋白分子）成核。早期晶体尺寸小，富含镁和碳酸盐，导致结晶度相对较差。尽管在此阶段氟含量很高，但仍是如此。随着晶体随着成釉细胞从牙本质退缩而变长，晶体发育包括镁、碳酸盐和氟的减少。基质中釉原蛋白和白蛋白的浓度增加。棱柱结构开始发育，同时晶体在宽度和厚度上也有一些生长。釉原蛋白和非釉原蛋白分子的降解产生一系列可能与调节晶体生长和形态以及棱柱和柱间质结构的形成有关的特定分子片段。在分泌接近尾声时，现在几乎完全降解的基质被液体取代，随后在成熟过程中晶体大量生长。白蛋白的降解也发生在这个阶段，可能是由于可能损害晶体生长的分子的全面破坏。在这个阶段对镁和氟的选择性摄取可能反映了组织的水合状态以及细胞变化。随着晶体生长，液体被取代，牙釉质获得成熟组织特有的矿物质浓度。
