Park D L
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA.
Food Addit Contam. 1995 May-Jun;12(3):361-71. doi: 10.1080/02652039509374316.
Aflatoxins are potent carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic metabolites produced by moulds that grow on food and feed. Their toxicity has caused severe health and economic problems worldwide. Other mycotoxins which have been associated with human health risks include ergot alkaloids, citreoviridin, trichothecenes, ochratoxins, citrinin, tremorgenic mycotoxins and the fumonisins. Many phycotoxins have also been associated with human illnesses; these phycotoxins include paralytic shellfish poisons, diarrhoeic shellfish poisons, ciguatera-related toxins, neurotoxic shellfish poisons, tetrodotoxin and, the more recently discovered, domoic acid which is associated with amnesic shellfish poisoning. Human exposure to these naturally occurring toxins can be from direct consumption of contaminated commodities or from foods derived from animals previously exposed to these toxins in their feed. Food safety monitoring programmes for selected toxins have been established for raw and finished products susceptible to contamination. Components of these control programme include the establishment of regulatory limits or guidelines, monitoring susceptible products for specific compounds, and the diversion of the contaminated products to lower-risk uses and/or decontamination procedures.
黄曲霉毒素是由生长在食品和饲料上的霉菌产生的强效致癌、致突变和致畸代谢产物。它们的毒性在全球范围内引发了严重的健康和经济问题。其他与人类健康风险相关的霉菌毒素包括麦角生物碱、黄绿青霉素、单端孢霉烯族毒素、赭曲霉毒素、桔霉素、震颤性霉菌毒素和伏马菌素。许多藻毒素也与人类疾病有关；这些藻毒素包括麻痹性贝类毒素、腹泻性贝类毒素、雪卡毒素、神经性贝类毒素、河豚毒素以及最近发现的与失忆性贝类中毒有关的软骨藻酸。人类接触这些天然毒素可能来自直接食用受污染的商品，或来自食用以前在饲料中接触过这些毒素的动物的产品。针对易受污染的原材料和成品，已制定了选定毒素的食品安全监测计划。这些控制计划的组成部分包括制定监管限值或准则、监测易感产品中的特定化合物，以及将受污染产品转用于风险较低的用途和/或进行去污处理。
