Montgomery L C, Deuster P A
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.
Sports Med. 1993 Mar;15(3):179-95. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199315030-00004.
The athlete who suffers from atopic diseases such as seasonal allergic rhinitis has an arsenal of antihistamines from which to choose for relief of symptoms. The decision to select a particular medication involves consideration of its efficacy and its side effects. Many of the standard antihistamines have sedative side effects which render them undesirable for use by athletes during competition. For example, a survey of studies suggests that some of these medications may compromise the performance of psychomotor skills important to the athlete (e.g. reaction time and visual discrimination). The newer, nonsedating antihistamines are equal to the standard agents in efficacy and comparable with placebo in central nervous system effects. Thus, psychomotor performance is not adversely affected by the newer antihistamines. Despite their widespread use, the effects of treatment with antihistamines on exercise performance (e.g. metabolic responses and time to exhaustion) have scarcely been addressed. The few studies available indicate that single oral administrations of antihistamines neither compromise nor enhance exercise performance or tolerance in asymptomatic individuals. Yet the research conducted has not examined the effects of antihistamine ingestion on exercise performance in symptomatic individuals. Whether treatment with an antihistamine would improve exercise performance relative to nontreatment in symptomatic, atopic athletes remains to be determined. Whereas there is a dearth of information on the effects of antihistamine medications on exercise performance, there is growing evidence that pretreatment with antihistamines may prevent or attenuate some exercise-induced histamine-mediated disorders such as urticaria, pruritus, anaphylaxis and gastrointestinal bleeding. A survey of studies suggests that prophylactic treatment with antihistamines may increase tolerance to exercise in individuals susceptible to these disorders.
患有季节性过敏性鼻炎等特应性疾病的运动员有大量抗组胺药可供选择以缓解症状。选择特定药物的决定需要考虑其疗效和副作用。许多标准抗组胺药有镇静副作用，这使得运动员在比赛期间使用它们不太适宜。例如，一项研究调查表明，其中一些药物可能会损害对运动员很重要的精神运动技能的表现（如反应时间和视觉辨别能力）。较新的非镇静性抗组胺药在疗效上与标准药物相当，在中枢神经系统作用方面与安慰剂相当。因此，较新的抗组胺药不会对精神运动表现产生不利影响。尽管抗组胺药被广泛使用，但抗组胺药治疗对运动表现（如代谢反应和疲劳时间）的影响几乎未得到研究。现有的少数研究表明，单次口服抗组胺药对无症状个体的运动表现或耐受性既无损害也无增强作用。然而，已开展的研究尚未考察抗组胺药摄入对有症状个体运动表现的影响。在有症状的特应性运动员中，与不治疗相比，抗组胺药治疗是否能改善运动表现仍有待确定。虽然关于抗组胺药对运动表现影响的信息匮乏，但越来越多的证据表明，抗组胺药预处理可能预防或减轻一些运动诱导的组胺介导的疾病，如荨麻疹、瘙痒、过敏反应和胃肠道出血。一项研究调查表明，抗组胺药预防性治疗可能会增加易患这些疾病的个体对运动的耐受性。
