Transcriptional analysis of the virion-sense genes of the geminivirus beet curly top virus.

The genome of the geminivirus beet curly top virus (BCTV) consists of a single circular DNA containing overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) located on both the virion-sense and complementary-sense DNA strands. To investigate the expression of these ORFs, RNA extracted from infected Nicotiana benthamiana and Beta vulgaris has been examined for the presence of viral transcripts. An abundant 1.1-kb virion-sense polyadenylated RNA and four complementary-sense polyadenylated RNAs of 1.7, 1.5, 1.3, and 0.7 kb have been identified by northern blot hybridization, confirming the bidirectional transcription strategy implied by the arrangement of ORFs. We previously demonstrated that two overlapping virion-sense ORFs are involved in coat protein synthesis (ORF V1) and viral single-stranded DNA accumulation (ORF V2). Mutants of a third virion-sense ORF (ORF V3), located upstream and overlapping ORFs V1 and V2, retain the ability to replicate efficiently in N. benthamiana leaf discs but produce an asymptomatic infection in N. benthamiana and B. vulgaris at low frequency, associated with reduced levels of viral DNA compared to wild-type infection. Our data support the recent suggestion that ORF V3 participates in virus movement. The 1.1 kb virion-sense RNA comprises a population of overlapping transcripts with 5' termini suitably positioned for the expression of ORFs V1, V2, and V3. The overlapping arrangement of the transcripts and juxtaposition of putative regulatory elements could provide a means for the temporal control of virion-sense gene expression.