Ritz M C, Garcia J M, Protz D, George F R
Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse & Addictions, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1994 Dec;18(6):1406-15. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1994.tb01443.x.
These studies examined the reinforcing effects of ethanol in rats selectively bred for high versus low ethanol drinking in a two-bottle choice preference task, namely the Preferring (P), Non-Preferring (NP), High Alcohol Drinking (HAD), and Low Alcohol Drinking (LAD) rats. The results substantiate findings suggesting that genetic factors are significant in determining whether ethanol will come to serve as a reinforcer. P rats exhibited high levels of responding for ethanol compared with the water vehicle, NP and HAD rats exhibited more moderate levels of responding for ethanol, and the behavior of LAD rats suggested that ethanol served only inconsistently as a reinforcer for these rats. Overall, the results suggest the existence of distinct, biologically influenced components of ethanol drinking behavior. Preference appears to measure an inherent facilitative factor allowing animals to initiate ethanol drinking. The operant chamber paradigm appears to measure factors related to whether and to what extent ethanol will serve as a positive reinforcer following conditioned exposure to the drug. Although preferring animals generally find ethanol reinforcing there seems to be little quantitative relationship between degree of preference and whether ethanol will serve as a reinforcer. Lack of preference does not seem to be predictive of lack of reinforcement. Thus, it appears that preference for ethanol and reinforcement from ethanol are somewhat overlapping, but distinct factors that contribute to ethanol drinking. These results suggest the existence of multiple components of behavior mediated by multiple mechanisms that contribute to ethanol drinking.
这些研究在两瓶装选择偏好任务中，检测了选择性培育的高饮酒量与低饮酒量大鼠中乙醇的强化作用，即偏好型（P）、非偏好型（NP）、高酒精饮用量（HAD）和低酒精饮用量（LAD）大鼠。结果证实了一些研究结果，表明遗传因素在决定乙醇是否会成为一种强化物方面具有重要意义。与饮水相比，P大鼠对乙醇表现出高水平的反应，NP和HAD大鼠对乙醇的反应水平较为适中，而LAD大鼠的行为表明乙醇对这些大鼠仅偶尔起到强化物的作用。总体而言，结果表明存在不同的、受生物学影响的乙醇饮酒行为成分。偏好似乎衡量的是一种内在的促进因素，使动物开始饮用乙醇。操作箱范式似乎衡量的是与乙醇在条件性接触药物后是否会以及在多大程度上作为正性强化物相关的因素。尽管偏好乙醇的动物通常会发现乙醇具有强化作用，但偏好程度与乙醇是否会作为强化物之间似乎几乎没有定量关系。缺乏偏好似乎并不能预测缺乏强化作用。因此，似乎对乙醇的偏好和来自乙醇的强化作用在一定程度上相互重叠，但却是导致乙醇饮用的不同因素。这些结果表明存在由多种机制介导的、导致乙醇饮用的行为的多个成分。
