Chenoweth P J
College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0136.
Aust Vet J. 1994 Dec;71(12):422-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1994.tb00961.x.
Differences occur between female Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle in various aspects of reproductive physiology and behaviour. These may be associated with different natural and human selection pressures, compounded by strong genotype-environment interactions. B indicus cattle are better adapted for tropical environments (despite overall poor cattle reproductive rates in these regions) which tend to be more stressful for B taurus genotypes. Conversely, B taurus cattle generally show superior reproductive and productive traits under more favoured, temperate conditions. Despite genotype-environment effects, B indicus females are generally considered to take longer to achieve puberty and to have longer gestation lengths, exhibit prolonged postpartum anoestrus, show greater seasonality of reproductive traits (tending to be long-day breeders), display a shorter, less overt oestrus as well as less tendency to allow riding behaviour by subordinate females. Some groups appear to have increased losses both during pregnancy and in the neonatal period. On the positive side, B indicus females respond well to managerial and nutritional interventions, tend to have greater reproductive longevity and they generally exhibit strong maternal traits. Culling of infertile females and selection for greater male scrotal circumference and sex-drive, in conjunction with the use of target weights, body condition scoring and weaning stratagems can improve reproductive rates in B indicus females.
瘤牛和普通牛在生殖生理和行为的各个方面存在差异。这些差异可能与不同的自然和人为选择压力有关，再加上强烈的基因型-环境相互作用。瘤牛更适应热带环境（尽管这些地区牛的总体繁殖率较低），而这种环境对普通牛基因型往往更具压力。相反，普通牛在更适宜的温带条件下通常表现出更好的繁殖和生产性能。尽管存在基因型-环境效应，但瘤牛雌性通常被认为达到青春期的时间更长、妊娠期更长、产后乏情期延长、繁殖性状的季节性更强（倾向于长日照繁殖者）、发情期更短且不明显，以及允许从属雌性爬跨的倾向更小。一些群体在怀孕期和新生儿期的损失似乎有所增加。从积极方面来看，瘤牛雌性对管理和营养干预反应良好，往往具有更长的繁殖寿命，并且通常表现出强烈的母性特征。淘汰不育雌性，选择阴囊周长更大和性欲更强的雄性，结合使用目标体重、体况评分和断奶策略，可以提高瘤牛雌性的繁殖率。
