Wedekind C
Abteilung Verhaltensökologie, Universität Bern, Hinterkappelen, Switzerland.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1994 Nov 29;346(1317):303-11. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1994.0147.
As Hamilton & Zuk pointed out, some loci may be of special importance for sexual selection because they play a crucial role in the co-evolution between parasites and hosts. In previous work I have tried to extend Hamilton & Zuk's parasite hypothesis for sexual selection, partly by including findings of immunologists and endocrinologists: in some species, handicapping signals may specifically reveal the current needs of the immune system which depends on the host's susceptibilities to different parasites. In other species, depending on the constellation of some key variables, non-handicapping signals could directly reveal the identity of resistance genes. Despite the general conflict of interests between the sexes, sexual selection may, in these cases, lead to signallers (i.e. mostly the males) focusing on improving their offspring's survival chances instead of trying to maximize their number. Males achieve this by allowing choosy females to optimize costs and benefits of each resistance. Both parts of the extended parasite hypothesis suggest that female choice for specific heritable matequalities aim to optimize the resistance genetics of the unfertilized eggs. However, intersexual selection could go further than just choosing a mate. Here, I list the possible selection levels at which the mother and/or her ova could select for specific sperm haplotypes before, during and after the formation of the zygote. For many of these possible selection levels, evidence suggests that selection after mating might favour heterozygosity or even certain specific allele combinations at loci which are involved in the parasite-host co-evolution (e.g. the major histocompatibility complex or the transferrin locus).
正如汉密尔顿和祖克所指出的，某些基因座可能对性选择具有特殊重要性，因为它们在寄生虫与宿主的共同进化中起着关键作用。在之前的研究中，我试图扩展汉密尔顿和祖克关于性选择的寄生虫假说，部分是通过纳入免疫学家和内分泌学家的研究结果：在某些物种中，不利信号可能会特别揭示免疫系统的当前需求，而这取决于宿主对不同寄生虫的易感性。在其他物种中，根据一些关键变量的组合，非不利信号可以直接揭示抗性基因的身份。尽管两性之间普遍存在利益冲突，但在这些情况下，性选择可能会导致信号发出者（即大多数情况下是雄性）专注于提高其后代的生存机会，而不是试图使其数量最大化。雄性通过允许挑剔的雌性优化每种抗性的成本和收益来实现这一点。扩展后的寄生虫假说的两部分都表明，雌性对特定可遗传配偶质量的选择旨在优化未受精卵的抗性遗传学。然而，两性间的选择可能不止于选择配偶。在这里，我列出了母亲和/或其卵子在合子形成之前、期间和之后可能选择特定精子单倍型的选择水平。对于许多这些可能的选择水平，有证据表明交配后的选择可能有利于参与寄生虫 - 宿主共同进化的基因座（例如主要组织相容性复合体或转铁蛋白基因座）上的杂合性甚至某些特定的等位基因组合。
