Gustafsson L, Nordling D, Andersson M S, Sheldon B C, Qvarnström A
Department of Zoology, Uppsala University, Sweden.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1994 Nov 29;346(1317):323-31. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1994.0149.
Reproductive effort can have profound effects on subsequent performance. Field experiments on the collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis) have demonstrated a number of trade-offs between life-history traits at different ages. The mechanism by which reproductive effort is mediated into future reproductive performance remains obscure. Anti-parasite adaptation such as cell-mediated immunity may probably also be costly. Hence the possibility exists of a trade-off between reproductive effort and the ability to resist parasitic infection. Serological tests on unmanipulated collared flycatchers show that pre-breeding nutritional status correlates positively with reproductive success and negatively with susceptibility to parasitism (viruses, bacteria and protozoan parasites). Both immune response and several indicators of infectious disease correlate negatively with reproductive success. Similar relations are found between secondary sexual characters and infection parameters. For brood-size-manipulated birds there was a significant interaction between experimentally increased reproductive effort and parasitic infection rate with regard to both current and future fecundity. It seems possible that the interaction between parasitic infection, nutrition and reproductive effort can be an important mechanism in the ultimate shaping of life-history variation in avian populations.
繁殖投入会对后续表现产生深远影响。对白领姬鹟（Ficedula albicollis）进行的野外实验表明，不同年龄阶段的生活史特征之间存在多种权衡。繁殖投入影响未来繁殖表现的机制仍不清楚。诸如细胞介导免疫等抗寄生虫适应可能也代价高昂。因此，繁殖投入与抵抗寄生虫感染能力之间可能存在权衡。对未做处理的白领姬鹟进行的血清学检测表明，繁殖前的营养状况与繁殖成功率呈正相关，与对寄生虫（病毒、细菌和原生动物寄生虫）的易感性呈负相关。免疫反应和几种传染病指标均与繁殖成功率呈负相关。在第二性征与感染参数之间也发现了类似关系。对于窝雏数受操控的鸟类，就当前和未来繁殖力而言，实验性增加的繁殖投入与寄生虫感染率之间存在显著的相互作用。寄生虫感染、营养和繁殖投入之间的相互作用可能是最终塑造鸟类种群生活史变异的一个重要机制。
