Tomonaga M
Department of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Kyoto University, Aichi, Japan.
J Exp Anal Behav. 1995 Mar;63(2):175-86. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1995.63-175.
Three experimentally sophisticated chimpanzees (Pan), Akira, Chloe, and Ai, were trained on visual search performance using a modified multiple-alternative matching-to-sample task in which a sample stimulus was followed by the search display containing one target identical to the sample and several uniform distractors (i.e., negative comparison stimuli were identical to each other). After they acquired this task, they were tested for transfer of visual search performance to trials in which the sample was not followed by the uniform search display (odd-item search). Akira showed positive transfer of visual search performance to odd-item search even when the display size (the number of stimulus items in the search display) was small, whereas Chloe and Ai showed a transfer only when the display size was large. Chloe and Ai used some nonrelational cues such as perceptual isolation of the target among uniform distractors (so-called pop-out). In addition to the odd-item search test, various types of probe trials were presented to clarify the controlling relations in multiple-alternative matching to sample. Akira showed a decrement of accuracy as a function of the display size when the search display was nonuniform (i.e., each "distractor" stimulus was not the same), whereas Chloe and Ai showed perfect performance. Furthermore, when the sample was identical to the uniform distractors in the search display, Chloe and Ai never selected an odd-item target, but Akira selected it when the display size was large. These results indicated that Akira's behavior was controlled mainly by relational cues of target-distractor oddity, whereas an identity relation between the sample and the target strongly controlled the performance of Chloe and Ai.
三只实验经验丰富的黑猩猩（Pan），明、克洛伊和爱，通过使用改良的多选项匹配样本任务进行视觉搜索性能训练，在该任务中，样本刺激之后是搜索显示，其中包含一个与样本相同的目标和几个统一的干扰项（即负性比较刺激彼此相同）。在它们掌握了这项任务之后，对它们进行了视觉搜索性能转移测试，测试内容是样本之后没有统一搜索显示的试验（奇数项搜索）。即使显示大小（搜索显示中的刺激项数量）较小，明在奇数项搜索中也表现出视觉搜索性能的正向转移，而克洛伊和爱只有在显示大小较大时才表现出转移。克洛伊和爱使用了一些非关系性线索，比如目标在统一干扰项中的感知孤立（即所谓的突出显示）。除了奇数项搜索测试外，还进行了各种类型的探测试验，以阐明多选项匹配样本中的控制关系。当搜索显示不统一时（即每个“干扰项”刺激都不相同），明的准确率会随着显示大小的增加而下降，而克洛伊和爱则表现完美。此外，当样本与搜索显示中的统一干扰项相同时，克洛伊和爱从不选择奇数项目标，但当显示大小较大时，明会选择。这些结果表明，明的行为主要受目标-干扰项奇数性的关系线索控制，而样本与目标之间的同一性关系强烈地控制了克洛伊和爱的表现。
