Relethford J H, Crawford M H
Department of Anthropology, State University of New York College, Oneonta 13820, USA.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 1995 Jan;96(1):25-38. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330960104.
Genetic variation among human populations can reflect a combination of contemporary patterns of gene flow and genetic drift as well as long-term population relationships due to population history. We examine the likely impact of past history and contemporary structure on the patterns of anthropometric variation among 31 counties in Ireland (made up of the two nations of the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland). Data for 17 anthropometric measures and parent-offspring migration on 7,214 adult Irish males were taken from the large data set originally collected by Dupertuis and Dawson in the mid-1930s (Hooton et al., 1955). Patterns of genetic similarity among 31 counties were assessed using R matrix methods that allow estimation of minimum genetic distances. These distances were compared to distances reflecting history, geography, and migration using matrix permutation methods. The results indicate that among-group variation in Ireland reflects past population history to a much greater extent than contemporary patterns of migration and population size. The midland counties are distinct from other populations, and their history suggests greater genetic input from early Viking invasions. A second major pattern in biological variation is a longitudinal gradient separating western and eastern counties. This gradient appears related to patterns of early settlement and/or a concentration in the east of later immigrants, particularly from England. Comparison of regional means with published data for several other European nations confirms these hypotheses.
人类群体之间的基因变异可以反映当代基因流动和遗传漂变模式的组合，以及由于种群历史而形成的长期种群关系。我们研究了过去的历史和当代结构对爱尔兰31个郡（由爱尔兰共和国和北爱尔兰两个国家组成）人体测量变异模式的可能影响。关于7214名成年爱尔兰男性的17项人体测量指标和亲子迁移的数据，取自杜佩蒂厄斯和道森在20世纪30年代中期最初收集的大型数据集（胡顿等人，1955年）。使用允许估计最小遗传距离的R矩阵方法评估了31个郡之间的遗传相似性模式。使用矩阵置换方法将这些距离与反映历史、地理和迁移的距离进行了比较。结果表明，爱尔兰群体间的变异在很大程度上反映了过去的种群历史，而不是当代的迁移模式和种群规模。中部各郡与其他种群不同，它们的历史表明早期维京人入侵带来了更多的基因输入。生物变异的第二个主要模式是将西部和东部各郡分开的纵向梯度。这种梯度似乎与早期定居模式和/或后来移民（特别是来自英格兰的移民）在东部的集中有关。将区域平均值与其他几个欧洲国家的已发表数据进行比较证实了这些假设。
