Sutton P M, Athanasoulis M, Flessel P, Guirguis G, Haan M, Schlag R, Goldman L R
California Public Health Foundation, Berkeley 94704, USA.
Environ Res. 1995 Jan;68(1):45-57. doi: 10.1006/enrs.1995.1007.
To assess environmental lead contamination in the household environment of children in high-risk areas of California, three urban locations were surveyed by the California Department of Health Services. Plant, soil, and dust lead levels were measured and a questionnaire was administered. This survey estimates that 3 million homes in California (27%) may have exterior paint lead levels > or = 5000 ppm, and 1.3 million homes (12%) may have interior paint lead levels > or = 5000 ppm. The highest concentrations of lead in paint were found on exterior surfaces and, for homes built between 1920 and 1959, on trim. Age of housing was the best predictor of lead in soil and dust; homes built before 1920 were 10 times more likely to have soil lead levels > or = 500 ppm compared to post-1950 homes. Most of the variability in dust lead levels could not be explained by factors measured in this survey. Sources of lead in the home were more highly correlated with lead dust concentration levels than they were with lead dust loading levels. Households with members reporting a lead job were twice as likely to have high dust lead levels compared to households with no one reporting a lead job. The significant differences in dust lead concentration levels between communities were not reflected in differences in dust lead loading levels. Measuring dust lead loading levels does not appear to be a meaningful sampling method for risk assessment in the context of prioritizing abatement.
为评估加利福尼亚州高危地区儿童家庭环境中的环境铅污染情况，加利福尼亚州卫生服务部对三个城市地点进行了调查。测量了植物、土壤和灰尘中的铅含量，并发放了一份调查问卷。该调查估计，加利福尼亚州有300万户家庭（27%）的外墙漆铅含量可能大于或等于5000 ppm，130万户家庭（12%）的内墙漆铅含量可能大于或等于5000 ppm。漆中铅含量最高的是外表面，对于1920年至1959年间建造的房屋，装饰条上的铅含量也最高。房屋建造年代是土壤和灰尘中铅含量的最佳预测指标；与1950年后建造的房屋相比，1920年前建造的房屋土壤铅含量大于或等于500 ppm的可能性高出10倍。本次调查所测量的因素无法解释灰尘中铅含量的大部分变异性。家庭中的铅源与铅尘浓度水平的相关性高于与铅尘负荷水平的相关性。与无人报告从事铅相关工作的家庭相比，有成员报告从事铅相关工作的家庭灰尘铅含量高的可能性高出两倍。不同社区之间灰尘铅浓度水平的显著差异并未体现在灰尘铅负荷水平的差异上。在确定治理优先级的背景下，测量灰尘铅负荷水平似乎不是一种有意义的风险评估抽样方法。
