Contrepois A
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Hôpital des Enfants Malades, Paris, France.
Clin Infect Dis. 1995 Feb;20(2):461-6. doi: 10.1093/clinids/20.2.461.
Experimental models of infective endocarditis antedate Garrison and Freedman's work in 1970. The hypothesis of the role of parasites (microorganisms) microscopically observed in vegetations and cardiac valves of patients with endocarditis was first put forth by Winge in Sweden in 1869. Winge's work led Klebs and Rosenbach in Germany to establish, between 1878 and 1881, an animal model of experimental endocarditis in which the aortic valves of rabbits were perforated with a metallic probe (loaded with septic material) introduced through the carotid artery. Ten years after Winge's work, Pasteur emphasized the importance of bacteriologic "blood cultures." During the period 1881-1886, Netter and Grancher (Pasteur's associates) introduced a method for drawing aseptic blood samples from patients with clinical endocarditis and performing bacteriologic blood cultures. In Vienna in 1885-1886, Orth, Weichselbaum, and Wyssokowitsch further developed Rosenbach's procedure of inducing experimental endocarditis by injecting material from a bacterial culture into a rabbit's ear vein. The development of an experimental model of endocarditis by investigators in the latter part of the nineteenth century provided anatomopathological and bacteriologic data that in turn led to a better understanding of infective endocarditis.
感染性心内膜炎的实验模型早于1970年加里森和弗里德曼的研究。1869年，瑞典的温格首次提出了关于在患有心内膜炎患者的赘生物和心脏瓣膜中显微镜下观察到的寄生虫（微生物）作用的假说。温格的研究促使德国的克莱布斯和罗森巴赫在1878年至1881年间建立了一种实验性心内膜炎动物模型，其中通过颈动脉插入一根装有感染性物质的金属探针来刺穿兔子的主动脉瓣。在温格的研究十年后，巴斯德强调了细菌学“血培养”的重要性。在1881年至1886年期间，内特尔和格兰谢（巴斯德的助手）介绍了一种从患有临床心内膜炎的患者身上采集无菌血样并进行细菌学血培养的方法。1885年至1886年在维也纳，奥尔特、魏克塞尔鲍姆和维索科维茨进一步改进了罗森巴赫的方法，即通过将细菌培养物中的物质注入兔子的耳静脉来诱导实验性心内膜炎。19世纪后期研究人员开发的心内膜炎实验模型提供了解剖病理学和细菌学数据，进而有助于更好地理解感染性心内膜炎。
