Foster G, Shakespeare R, Chinemana F, Jackson H, Gregson S, Marange C, Mashumba S
Paediatric Dept, Mutare Hospital, Zimbabwe.
AIDS Care. 1995;7(1):3-17. doi: 10.1080/09540129550126911.
An orphan enumeration survey was conducted in 570 households in and around Mutare, Zimbabwe in 1992; 18.3% (95% CI 15.1-21.5%) of households included orphans. 12.8% (95% CI 11.2-14.3%) of children under 15 years old had a father or mother who had died; 5% of orphans had lost both parents. Orphan prevalence was highest in a peri-urban rural area (17.2%) and lowest in a middle income medium density urban suburb (4.3%). Recent increases in parental deaths were noted; 50% of parental deaths since 1987 could be ascribed to AIDS. Orphan household heads were likely to be older and less well-educated than non-orphan household heads. The majority of orphaned children were being cared for satisfactorily within extended families, often under difficult circumstances. Caregiving by maternal relatives represents a departure from the traditional practice of caring for orphans within the paternal extended family and an adaptation of community-coping mechanisms. There was little evidence of discrimination or exploitation of orphaned children by extended family caregivers. The fact that community coping mechanisms are changing does not imply that extended family methods of caring are about to break down. However, the emergence of orphan households headed by siblings is an indication that the extended family is under stress. Emphasis needs to be placed upon supporting extended families by utilizing existing community-based organizations. Orphan support programmes may need to be established initially in high risk communities such as low-income urban areas and peri-urban rural areas.
1992年在津巴布韦穆塔雷及其周边地区的570户家庭中进行了一项孤儿普查；18.3%（95%置信区间15.1 - 21.5%）的家庭有孤儿。15岁以下儿童中有12.8%（95%置信区间11.2 - 14.3%）的父亲或母亲已经去世；5%的孤儿双亲均已离世。孤儿患病率在城乡结合部农村地区最高（17.2%），在中等收入中等密度城市郊区最低（4.3%）。注意到近期父母死亡人数有所增加；自1987年以来50%的父母死亡可归因于艾滋病。与非孤儿家庭户主相比，孤儿家庭户主年龄可能更大且受教育程度更低。大多数孤儿在大家庭中得到了令人满意的照料，不过往往是在困难的情况下。由母亲一方的亲属提供照料与传统上由父亲一方的大家庭照料孤儿的做法不同，是社区应对机制的一种调整。几乎没有证据表明大家庭照料者歧视或剥削孤儿。社区应对机制正在发生变化这一事实并不意味着大家庭的照料方式即将瓦解。然而，由兄弟姐妹担任户主的孤儿家庭的出现表明大家庭面临压力。需要强调通过利用现有的社区组织来支持大家庭。孤儿支持项目可能需要首先在高风险社区建立，如低收入城市地区和城乡结合部农村地区。
