Tesch P A
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995 Mar;27(3):310-4.
This brief report describes the physiological demands in competitive Alpine skiing as well as the physiological profile of elite skiers. Maximal heart rate is typically attained by the end of either of the four Alpine ski disciplines. The giant slalom probably calls for the largest reliance upon aerobic energy metabolism and oxygen uptake may increase to 75%-100% of maximal aerobic power. Although high caliber skiers typically show increased maximal aerobic power, it is unlikely that this is an important factor determining success in skiing. Also, anaerobic energy provision accounts for more than half of the total energy yield. Accordingly, plasma and muscle lactate accumulation is substantial after a single race. Similarly, during skiing there is a high rate of glycogen utilization that eventually may result in depletion of muscle glycogen stores by the end of a day of intense skiing. Muscles of Alpine skiers do not possess a distinct fiber type composition and, if anything, skiers tend to show a preponderance of slow twitch fibers. This concords with the recruitment of both muscle fiber types during slalom or giant slalom. Elite skiers show increased knee extensor strength. This seems warranted because there is great reliance upon slow and forceful eccentric muscle actions when performing turns in the giant slalom or slalom.
本简要报告描述了高山滑雪比赛中的生理需求以及优秀滑雪运动员的生理特征。在四项高山滑雪项目中的任何一项结束时，通常都能达到最大心率。大回转可能对有氧能量代谢的依赖最大，摄氧量可能会增加到最大有氧功率的75%-100%。尽管高水平滑雪运动员通常表现出较高的最大有氧功率，但这不太可能是决定滑雪成功的重要因素。此外，无氧能量供应占总能量产出的一半以上。因此，一场比赛后血浆和肌肉乳酸积累量很大。同样，在滑雪过程中糖原利用率很高，最终可能在一天的高强度滑雪结束时导致肌肉糖原储备耗尽。高山滑雪运动员的肌肉不具有独特的纤维类型组成，而且，如果有什么不同的话，滑雪运动员往往慢肌纤维占优势。这与在回转或大回转中两种肌纤维类型的募集情况一致。优秀滑雪运动员的膝关节伸肌力量增强。这似乎是合理的，因为在大回转或回转中转弯时，很大程度上依赖于缓慢而有力的离心肌肉动作。
